Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to an audio-based indoor localization system. By using audio signals emitted by a public address sound system, mobile devices may globally localize themselves in an indoor environment where global navigation satellite systems are not viable or reliable. The use of data hiding techniques such as spread spectrum coding or echo hiding has allowed to convey information to a receiver avoiding people’s perception of the added audio content. Results demonstrate a relatively quite good localization with centimetre accuracy and precision and successful data transmission using barely perceptible audio signals.
Highlights
Location awareness in context-based applications is becoming one of the most compelling areas in information and communications technology
There are many situations, typically at indoor locations, where Global Positioning System (GPS) based-systems do not work properly because their weak radio frequency (RF) signals are largely attenuated by walls and ceilings
The subway station example is the starting point of this research work, as previous work developed by some of the authors in the NAVMETRO project (Moutinho 2009, Moutinho et al 2010) has shown the urge to have some automatic solution to the personal indoor localization problem
Summary
Location awareness in context-based applications is becoming one of the most compelling areas in information and communications technology. Audio capable devices are present in people’s everyday life and when one considers a possible usage scenario for this purpose, it is almost immediate to assume loudspeakers as fixed anchors and smartphones (along with their microphones) as mobile devices This would allow a wide spread dissemination of the indoor localization possibilities to everyone in every public space (Moutinho et al 2015). These echo kernels should not exceed the “fusion limit delay for echo perception” as they will affect significantly the cover signal and will provide two auditory images for the sound (Haas 1972). Using music as a cover signal, watermark recovery rates are 100%, while being imperceptible even to very acute listeners
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