Abstract
In indoor positioning techniques, Wi-Fi is one of the most used technology because of its availability and cost-effectiveness. Access points are usually the main source of Wi-Fi signals in an indoor environment. If access points are optimized to cover the indoor area, this could improve Wi-Fi signal distribution. This article proposed an alternative to optimizing access point placement and distribution by introducing virtual access points that can be virtually placed in any part of the indoor environment without installation of actual access points. Virtual access points will be created heuristically by correlating received signal strength indicator of already existing access points and through linear regression. After introducing virtual access points in the indoor environment, next will be the addition of filters to improve signal fluctuation and reduce noise interference. Kalman filter has been previously used together with virtual access point and showed improvement by decreasing error distance of Wi-Fi fingerprinting results. This article also aims to include particle filter in the system to further improve localization and test its effectiveness when paired with Kalman filter. The performance testing of the algorithm in different indoor environments resulted in 3.18 and 3.59 m error distances. An improvement was added on the system by using relative distances instead of received signal strength indicator values in distance estimation and gave an error distance average of 1.85 m.
Highlights
Indoor positioning continues to develop with the current age of Internet of things (IoT)
Prior to making this article, there were experimental results from indoor localization using virtual access points (VAPs) to show the effectiveness of the algorithm in the Wi-Fi system by having increased accuracy over traditional fingerprinting method using only Wi-Fi
Another paper was written about the addition of Kalman filter (KF) in the indoor localization system using VAP
Summary
Indoor positioning continues to develop with the current age of Internet of things (IoT). One of the common techniques used in indoor localization is WiFi fingerprint mapping which is considered costeffective due to requiring only hand held mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets in estimating user location.[1] As different facilities would already have existing wireless local area network (WLAN) networks, it is easier to locate access points (APs) and create fingerprint map (FM) of their received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values.[2] This gave rise to the idea of additional APs3 in the WLAN network without affecting their operation by creating virtual access points (VAPs). VAP is defined as a virtual machine running on a single physical AP with different service set identifier (SSID).
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