Abstract
Among the accurate indoor localisation systems that are using WiFi, Bluetooth, or infrared technologies, the ones that are based on the GSM rely on a stable external infrastructure that can be used even in an emergency. This paper presents an accurate GSM indoor localisation system that achieves a median error of 4.39 metres in horizontal coordinates and up to 64 percent accuracy in floor prediction (for 84 percent of cases the floor prediction is mistaken by not more than a single floor). The test and reference measurements were made inside a six-floor academic building, with an irregular shape, whose dimensions are around 50 metres by 70 metres. The localisation algorithm uses GSM signal readings from the 7 strongest cells available in the GSM standard (or fewer, if fewer than 7 are available). We estimate the location by a three-step method. Firstly, we propose a point localisation solution (i.e., localisation based on only one measurement). Then, by applying the central tendency filters and the Multilayer Perceptron, we build a localisation system that uses a sequence of estimations of current and past locations. We also discuss major accuracy factors such as the number of observed signals or the types of spaces in the building.
Highlights
Outdoor localisation is, today, a part of our life
We present an indoor localisation system based on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signals
The localisation was based on the signals from Global System for Mobile Communications Base Transceiver Stations
Summary
Today, a part of our life. such useful localisation methods as the Global Positioning System (GPS) fail inside buildings. It should be noted that in parallel with collecting the data on mobile phones, the Gateway Mobile Location Centre(GMLC-) based location of the terminal was estimated, which could result in more frequent cell reselection requests sent to a mobile station (compared with a terminal operating in a purely idle mode of operation) This results in a more complete representation of possible serving cells in a given location, none of our models takes direct advantage of that fact, relying only on vectors of Received Signal Strengths. The first and the second series were taken in the same set of POIs, ordered in general in a 1.5-by-1.5-metre grid (denoted GRID1,2), while the third series used for the test was Figure 1: Overall presentation of the acquired measurements within a 3D sketch of the building. The neighbour of the current point, which minimised the distance to the end point (or staircase), was chosen as the point on the path
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