Abstract
Indoor localization based on unsynchronized, low-complexity, passive radio frequency identification (RFID) using the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) has a wide potential for a variety of internet of things (IoTs) applications due to their energy-harvesting capabilities and low complexity. However, conventional RSSI-based algorithms present inaccurate ranging, especially in indoor environments, mainly because of the multipath randomness effect. In this work, we propose RSSI-based localization with low-complexity, passive RFID infrastructure utilizing the potential benefits of large-scale MIMO technology operated in the millimeter-wave band, which offers channel hardening, in order to alleviate the effect of small-scale fading. Particularly, by investigating an indoor environment equipped with extremely simple dielectric resonator (DR) tags, we propose an efficient localization algorithm that enables a smart object equipped with large-scale MIMO exploiting the RSSI measurements obtained from the reference DR tags in order to improve the localization accuracy. In this context, we also derive Cramer–Rao lower bound of the proposed technique. Numerical results evidence the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms considering various arbitrary network topologies, and results are compared with an existing algorithm, where the proposed algorithms not only produce higher localization accuracy but also achieve a greater robustness against inaccuracies in channel modeling.
Highlights
Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) has been identified as enabling technology for many applications, such as localization, tracking, and internet of things (IoTs), due to an extreme reduction of costs, low energy consumption, and low complexity [1,2,3,4,5]
We propose large-scale MIMO-based received signal strength indicator (RSSI) localization at mm-wave band using the extremely simple dielectric resonator (DR) tags as the anchor node infrastructure in order to improve the self-localization accuracy of smart objects
As the reader is equipped with large-scale MIMO, the received signal at each antenna is measured in order improve RSSI localization by benefiting from the channel hardening making the small-scale quickly fade to diminish with the increase in array size
Summary
Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) has been identified as enabling technology for many applications, such as localization, tracking, and internet of things (IoTs), due to an extreme reduction of costs, low energy consumption, and low complexity [1,2,3,4,5]. To estimate an object location, two or more anchor nodes with known positions should exist in the coverage of the object in order to determine the location of the object via noisy ranging techniques such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) [8], Time of Arrival (ToA) [2,9], Angle of Arrival (AoA) [10], etc Among these ranging techniques, RSSI is considered in this work, since it meets future application requirements including the hardware simplicity and low cost [11,12]. We propose large-scale MIMO-based RSSI localization at mm-wave band using the extremely simple dielectric resonator (DR) tags as the anchor node infrastructure in order to improve the self-localization accuracy of smart objects.
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