Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of indole-thiazolidinone on metastasis in HK1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.
 Methods: HK1 cell proliferation was determined colorimetrically using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Invasion and migration of HK1 cells were assessed using Matrigel™ chamber coated invasion and wound healing assays, respectively.
 Results: Indole-thiazolidinone suppressed proliferation of HK1 and NPC 039 NPC cell lines at 72 h. The degree of proliferation of HK1 cells on treatment with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 μM indolethiazolidinone was 99, 87, 71, 64, 49, 38 and 31 %, respectively. In HK1 cell cultures, migration potential was reduced to 58.32, 47.54, 28.91 and 17.65 %, on exposure to 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 μM indole-thiazolidinone, respectively. Incubation with 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 μM indole-thiazolidinone resulted in cell invasion values of 63.41, 49.37, 35.12 and 19.67 %, respectively. There was a marked decrease in the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in HK1 cells on treatment with indole-thiazolidinone (p < 0.05). In addition, indole-thiazolidinone treatment resulted in decrease in p65 and p50 in nuclear fraction. Treatment of HK1 and NPC 039 cells with indolethiazolidinone and henenalin synergistically decreased cell proliferation. Indole-thiazolidinone treatment caused significant decrease in tumor growth in mice (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: Indole-thiazolidinone inhibits proliferation and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Therefore, it has potential for development as a therapeutic management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in humans.
Highlights
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common in the southern parts of China and Southeast Asia [1,2]
The present study investigated the effect of indole-thiazolidinone on proliferation and metastasis of NPC cancer cells
Results from MTT assay showed that indolethiazolidinone suppressed proliferation of HK1 and NPC-039 NPC cell lines at 72 h
Summary
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common in the southern parts of China and Southeast Asia [1,2]. Metastasis of cancer cells involves reduction in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) decomposition, and high rate of cell mobility [7]. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are overexpressed in carcinoma cells Inhibition of these proteinases plays an important role in suppression of tumor growth by preventing cancer cell metastasis and invasion [9,10]. The present study investigated the effect of indole-thiazolidinone on proliferation and metastasis of NPC cancer cells. Incubation of the cells for 12 h was followed by replacement of medium with new medium containing 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 μM indole-thiazolidinone. The cells were incubated for 72 h, following which 50 μL of MTT (5 μg/mL) solution was put into each well of the plate. After incubation for 10 min, cell proliferation was measured by reading the absorbance at of the solutions at 587 nm using Universal Microplate Reader (EL800Bio; Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA)
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