Abstract
Indole degradation in a model system and in poultry manure was studied using an enrichment culture of two Acinetobacter species; Acinetobacter toweneri NTA1-2A and Acinetobacter guillouiae TAT1-6A. Degradation of indole was quantified using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The two strains were capable of degrading initial concentrations of indole ranging from 58.58–300 mg/L. The degradation efficiency was 66.36% (NTA1-2A), 94.87% (TAT1-6A), and 96.00% (mix) in 6 days when the initial concentration <300 mg/L. The strains were tested for enzymatic activity using 120 mg/L indole. The enzyme extracts of NTA1-2A and TAT1-6A from culture medium degraded indole completely, and no appreciable change of indole concentration was witnessed in the control group. The NTA1-2A, TAT1-6A, and the mix of strains were also used for in vivo poultry manure fermentation and removed 78.67%, 83.28%, and 83.70% of indole, respectively in 8 d. The strains showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in indole removal efficiency compared with the control, but no significant difference between the two strains and the mix in indole removal capacity. We concluded that A. toweneri NTA1-2A and A. guillouiae TAT1-6A are promising strains to remove indole and its derivatives to control the notorious odor in poultry and other livestock industries.
Highlights
Indole is a common metabolite of tryptophan formed in the rumen and colon of monogastric animals [1,2,3,4]
Indole degradation was performed by the bacterial strains in the culture media amended with different concentrations
The strains utilized indole as their sole carbon source and efficiently removed
Summary
Indole is a common metabolite of tryptophan formed in the rumen and colon of monogastric animals [1,2,3,4] It is one of the major recalcitrant odorant compounds in livestock and poultry industries [5] that are considered environmental pollutants [6]. Indole is industrially produced for various purposes such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, pesticides, disinfectants, agrochemicals, and dyestuffs [7,8], and released into the environment, where it is often found in waste water, costal lagoons, and sediment. It is a typical nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic pollutant and extensively spread in industrial wastewater [9]. It can be absorbed into the blood and hemolyze bovine erythrocytes [12], is toxic to many microorganisms, and has a fairly broad bacteriostatic effect [13]
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