Abstract
Contrary to the growing popularity of learning at group and organizational levels, instructional systems development (ISD) models and processes have been primarily focused only on individual-centered learning while lacking in reflection about group and organizational learning processes. Moreover, most instructional and facilitation processes at group and organizational learning levels continue in a state of general prescription such as a problem-solving approach which needs to be translated into specific instructional processes. For addressing the problems, this paper presents exploratory individual, group, and organizational learning ISD models based on four conditions: 1) integration of the questions of what and why in instruction and learning, 2) reflection of impacts of environmental factors, 3) non-linear and flexible instructional processes, and 4) future-centeredness in instruction and learning. The proposed exploratory ISD models provide a framework as an alternative ISD approach to group and organizational learning, as well as individual learning.
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