Abstract
The judgment of learning (JOL) is an important form of prospective metamemory judgment, and the biological basis of the JOL process is an important topic in metamemory research. Although previous task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have examined the brain regions underlying the JOL process, the neural correlates of individual differences in JOL accuracy require further investigation. This study used structural and resting-state functional MRI to investigate whether individual differences in JOL accuracy are related to the gray matter (GM) volume and functional connectivity of the bilateral insula and medial Brodmann area (BA) 11, which are assumed to be related to JOL accuracy. We found that individual differences in JOL accuracy were related to the GM volume of the left mid-insula and to the functional connectivity between the left mid-insula and various other regions, including the left superior parietal lobule/precuneus, bilateral inferior parietal lobule/intraparietal sulcus, right frontal pole and left parahippocampal gyrus/fusiform gyrus/cerebellum. Further analyses indicated that the functional connectivity related to individual differences in JOL accuracy could be divided into two factors and might support information integration and selective attention processes underlying accurate JOLs. In addition, individual differences in JOL accuracy were not related to the GM volume or functional connectivity of the medial BA 11. Our findings provide novel evidence for the role of the left mid-insula and its functional connectivity in the JOL process.
Highlights
Metamemory refers to the processes of monitoring and controlling memory activities (Nelson and Narens, 1990)
Participants completed a memory task in which they made judgment of learning (JOL) about their recognition performance, and we used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state fMRI to examine whether individual differences in JOL accuracy were correlated with the gray matter (GM) volume and the resting-state functional connectivity in the brain
We found that the GM volume of the left mid-insula could predict individual differences in the participants’ JOL accuracy
Summary
Metamemory refers to the processes of monitoring and controlling memory activities (Nelson and Narens, 1990). Prospective metamemory accuracy is low if people give higher judgments to forgotten items. JOL is an important type of prospective metamemory judgment, and previous studies have indicated that JOL accuracy is essential for appropriate guidance of subsequent learning and memory processes (Dunlosky and Metcalfe, 2009; Bjork et al, 2013). People with more accurate JOLs can use strategies that are more appropriate in subsequent learning processes, such as allocating study time more appropriately during self-regulated learning or choosing more important and valuable items for restudy (Nelson and Narens, 1990; Dunlosky and Metcalfe, 2009). Given the importance of JOLs in learning processes, the biological basis of the JOL process is an important topic in metamemory research (Schwartz and Bacon, 2008; Chua et al, 2014)
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