Individual and Temporal Variation in Cloacal Protuberance Size of Male Bearded Tits (Panurus biarmicus)

Abstract

The intensity of sperm competition is one of the factors known to determine interspecific variation in the size of male reproductive organs. However, individual variation in the size of reproductive organs and its relation to male quality have not been considered appropriately. We investigated the annual pattern of variation in the size of the cloacal pro- tuberance (CP) in male Bearded Tits (Panurus biarmicus) and correlated CP volume during the fertile period of females with reproductive and morphological features of males. Con- trary to other passerines, the cloacal protuberance does not constitute a sperm reservoir but functions as a copulatory organ in Bearded Tits. CP volume differed significantly between unmated and mated males and provided a good indicator of their reproductive status. With- in individual mated Bearded Tits, CP size changed in conjunction with their mate's fertile cycle, peaking around the day of clutch initiation. During the fertile period, mated Bearded Tits possess the largest CP (relative to body size) known for a passerine (average volume index = 59.14 mm 3 per g; n = 16). The adaptive value of this feature could be that it improves ejaculate transfer owing to better and longer cloacal contact. Relative to unmated males, mated males have more total sperm stored in their seminal glomera and larger testes, sug- gesting the occurrence of large disadvantages for unmated males to gain reproductive suc- cess. An isolation experiment showed that female presence positively influences the devel- opment of CP size in virgin male Bearded Tits. Received 14 April 1997, accepted 12 March 1998.