Abstract
IntroductionAvoidable hospitalizations refer to acute care use for conditions that should normally be managed in primary care settings. Lower socioeconomic status that is often measured using area-based indicators (e.g. median household income) has been shown to increase risk of avoidable hospitalizations. However, both area- and individual-level socioeconomic status can contribute to hospitalization risk, but previous data limitations have prevented separate analyses. Further, the joint effect of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status has not been established in the Canadian population. To address this, this study links individual-level household income and neighbourhood-level material deprivation data within a population-based Canadian cohort.ObjectivesTo determine the individual and joint effect of individual-level household income and neighbourhood-level material deprivation on risk of hospitalization for a set of chronic ambulatory care sensitive conditions using linked health survey, hospital discharge, and census-derived data.MethodsA pooled cohort was created by linking sociodemographic and health information from eight cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2000/2001 - 2010) to hospital discharge records and Canadian Marginalization Indices (2001, 2006) (N = 354,595). The primary outcome variable was risk of index hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of angina, asthma, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, epilepsy, or hypertension. The primary exposure variable was joint individual-level national household income quintile and neighbourhood-level material deprivation quintile. Relative risk (RR) was estimated by constructing modified Poisson regression models with robust error variance.ResultsIn fully adjusted models with income and deprivation considered separately, individuals in the lowest household income quintile and highest material deprivation quintile were at increased risk of hospitalization (Income RR: 1.82 (95% CI 1.56-2.13) Deprivation RR: 1.67 (1.44-1.95)). When income and deprivation were jointly considered, those with low individual income living in high deprivation neighbourhoods were at greatest risk of hospitalization (RR 1.83 (95% CI 1.63 - 2.05)). ConclusionBoth individual income and neighbourhood deprivation separately and jointly increase risk of avoidable hospitalizations. Additional research is needed to understand their mechanisms of action. However, both levels should be considered when designing effective policies and interventions to reduce avoidable hospitalizations.
Highlights
Avoidable hospitalizations refer to acute care use for conditions that should normally be managed in primary care settings
In fully adjusted models with income and deprivation considered separately, individuals in the lowest household income quintile and highest material deprivation quintile were at increased risk of hospitalization (Income Relative risk (RR): 1.82 Deprivation RR: 1.67 (1.44-1.95))
When income and deprivation were jointly considered, those with low individual income living in high deprivation neighbourhoods were at greatest risk of hospitalization (RR 1.83)
Summary
Avoidable hospitalizations refer to acute care use for conditions that should normally be managed in primary care settings. Lower socioeconomic status that is often measured using area-based indicators (e.g. median household income) has been shown to increase risk of avoidable hospitalizations. Both area- and individual-level socioeconomic status can contribute to hospitalization risk, but previous data limitations have prevented separate analyses. In the Canadian context, avoidable hospitalizations refer to acute care hospitalizations of individuals aged 0-74 years for angina, asthma, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), epilepsy, and hypertension where the patient is discharged alive [2]. Identification and action on modifiable risk factors for avoidable hospitalizations can improve population health and health system performance as well as reduce unnecessary costs
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