Abstract
From the preindustrial era to the present day, the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration has increased dramatically in much of the industrialized world due to anthropogenic activities. O3 is the most harmful air pollutant to plants. Global surface temperatures are expected to increase with rising O3 concentration. Plants are directly affected by temperature and O3. Elevated O3 can impair physiological processes, as well as cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to decreased plant growth. Temperature is another important factor influencing plant development. Here, we summarize how O3 and temperature elevation can affect plant physiological and biochemical characteristics, and discuss results from studies investigating plant responses to these factors. In this review, we focused on the interactions between elevated O3 and temperature on plant responses, because neither factor acts independently. Temperature has great potential to significantly influence stomatal movement and O3 uptake. For this reason, the combined influence of both factors can yield significantly different results than those of a single factor. Plant responses to the combined effects of elevated temperature and O3 are still controversial. We attribute the substantial uncertainty of these combined effects primarily to differences in methodological approaches.
Highlights
Recent studies have reported that future global surface temperatures are expected to increase steadily due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels from greenhouse gas emissions
According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the global mean surface temperature is projected to increase relative to current conditions by 1.5 ◦ C to 4.8 ◦ C by the end of the 21st century [2]
OST1 activity is limited by abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive 1 (ABI 1) and ABI 2 protein phosphatase 2Cs, which are inactivated by two types of anion channels—the slow anion channel 1 (SLAC1) and the quickly activating anion channel 1 (QUAC1)— causes stomatal closure [50,51]
Summary
Climate change, including global warming, has been occurring over the last several decades, and is recognized as the most significant threat to human and ecosystem health [1]. The tropospheric ozone (O3 ) concentration is expected to rise along with the global surface temperature, because the emissions that cause O3 formation are predicted to increase [3]. These increases may be especially significant in East Asia, where the average O3 concentration is projected to increase by 20% from the current level by the end of this century [4]. The main chemical reaction in O3 formation is NO2 photolysis, which generates nitrogen oxide (NO) and a single oxygen atom (O). A temperature the threshold a plant species canspecies cause irreversible damage to the plant to and itsplant growth. O3 usually leaf via the stomata andvia reactive species (ROS), which can (ROS), cause usually enters the leaf the produces stomata and oxygen produces reactive oxygen species considerable damage to the plant [15]. to the plant [15]
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