Individual and Combined Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Phenanthrene and Dibenzothiophene on Reproductive Behavior in the Amphipod Hyalella azteca

Abstract

Predicting impacts of oil spills on the environment requires a better understanding of the effects on aquatic organisms, both for single hydrocarbons and for their interactions. In this study, the individual and combined effects of the petroleum hydrocarbons phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene (DBT) were assessed on the reproductive behavior of the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Following a 24-h exposure to single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or an equimolar mixture of phenanthrene–dibenzothiophene (Phen–DBT), mate-guarding behavior was assessed. This consisted of an assessment of the incidence of mate guarding right at the end of the exposure period and quantification of the “time taken to initiate mate guarding” (TIMG) and “proportion of time spent mate guarding” (PTMG) during a subsequent 10-min observation period in clean water. Both Phen and DBT reduced the incidence of mate guarding at the end of the exposure. TIMG and PTMG during the observation period were not affected by the PAHs other than indirectly by their effect on mate guarding status at the end of the exposure. The interaction between Phen and DBT varied among the mate guarding measures. For mate guarding status at the end of the exposure period and for TIMG, the interaction did not deviate statistically from an additive effect. For PTMG, the overall interaction was a synergistic one. This study’s findings point out that assessments of hydrocarbon toxicity need to take into account that subtle reproductive behaviors (that may be important for population persistence) may be negatively affected. The results also show that the general assumption of additive effects among PAHs may be an oversimplification.