Indium mineralisation in A-type granites in southeastern Finland: Insights into mineralogy and partitioning between coexisting minerals

Abstract

Several promising exploration targets in the western parts of the Wiborg batholith, southeastern Finland, have been studied with respect to Zn, In, Ag, As, Sn and Cu. Ores occur both as massive In-bearing magnetite–sphalerite (Getmossmalmen), as greisen-style veins (Jungfrubergen) and as Cu-dominant polymetallic quartz veins (Korsvik-1 and -2, Sarvlaxviken area). The Cu-dominant (chalcopyrite–bornite), Zn-poor quartz veins are characterised by high In/Zn ratios (> 3000); roquesite (CuInS 2) being a major indium-carrier, alongside sphalerite, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. In contrast, sphalerite is the dominant In-carrier in the greisen veins and massive ores characterised by lower In/Zn ratios (< 100). In such cases, it appears that all indium partitioned into sphalerite at concentrations of 500–1500 ppm, and no roquesite formed. In the veins of the Sarvlaxviken area, we observe the exsolution of a high-temperature precursor sulphide to form co-existing sphalerite and roquesite. These exsolution textures extend down to the sub-microscopic scale and there is no evidence of extensive solid solution along the ZnS–CuInS 2 join beyond a couple of wt.% In (and Cu) in sphalerite. The co-existing roquesite is close to an ideal composition and contains μm-scale exsolutions of sphalerite, indicating negligible solid solution at the CuInS 2 end of the join. The new data are compared with the published data on the mineralogical distribution of the indium in sulphide ores.