Abstract
This article provides analysis of the issues relating to movement towards new models for Indigenous-led conservation in light of Canada’s initiatives for greater protected areas representation through Target 1. We provide a background on Canada’s Pathway to Target 1, which is based on Target 11 from the Aichi Biodiversity Targets set forth by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We contemplate the past, present and future of colonization and reconciliation in Canada, and consider the influence of international declarations, programs and initiatives on the potential for the formation of Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs). We then provide an analysis of “wicked problems” that Indigenous communities, governments, and other stakeholders in protected areas will need to navigate towards implementing the IPCA approach in Canada. We outline the different types of Indigenous involvement in protected areas and how they potentially fit within the principles for the development of IPCAs. We then turn our discussion to the need to refocus conservation on reconciliation by restoring nation-to-nation relationships and relationships between the land and peoples. The lessons we draw have potential parallels for other nation states, particularly those signatory to the CBD and with a colonial history, aiming for biodiversity conservation and reconciliation with Indigenous peoples through IPCAs.
Highlights
Events over the last two decades have significantly changed the landscape for conservation, protected areas, biodiversity protection, as well as the individual and collective rights of Indigenous peoples
We explore how the proposed Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) relate to international biodiversity conservation targets, Canada’s Target 1, the context of complex histories and relationships between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, and national and international guidance on protected areas
Countries responding to the new paradigm for biodiversity conservation are grappling with their colonial histories and modern-day approaches to conservation and are exploring the implementation of protected areas frameworks that are supportive of Indigenous leadership
Summary
Available online: http://www.conservation2020canada.ca/thepathway/ (accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tribalparks-indigenous-protected-conserved-areas-lessons-b-c-examples.pdf (accessed on 16 December 2018). Available online: https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/let-us-teach-you-exploring-empowerment-forindigenous-protected-and-conserved-areas-in-b-c.pdf (accessed on 16 December 2018). In Indigenous Peoples, National Parks, and Protected Areas, 1st ed.; Stevens, S., Ed.; University of Arizona Press: Tuscon, AZ, USA, 2014; pp. Available online: http://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/greenlist (accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/iucn_green_list_standard_version_1.1_nov_2017_3.pdf (accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2018/10/first-new-indigenousprotected-area-in-canada-edehzhie-protected-area.html (accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://thenarwhal.ca/canadas-new-indigenous-protected-area-heraldsnew-era-of-conservation/(accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-vast-region-ofnorthwest-territories-declared-an-indigenous-protected/(accessed on 29 November 2018). Available online: https://www.wcel.org/blog/indigenous-protected-areasgaining-momentum-are-they-recognized-law (accessed on 16 December 2018). An Analysis of International Law, National Legislation, Judgements, and Institutions as they Interrelate with Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: No 8 Canada. Available online: https://www.iccaconsortium.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/legal-review-8-canada-2012-en.pdf (accessed on 29 November 2018). In Parks and Protected Areas in Canada: Planning and Management, 3rd ed.; Dearden, P., Rollins, R., Eds.; Oxford University. F.; Poirier, S. (Eds.) Entangled Territorialities: Negotiating Indigenous Lands in Australia and Canada; University of Toronto Press: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2017; ISBN 9781487521592
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