Abstract
Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure rollout is well under way in several power systems, namely North America, Japan, Europe, and China. In order to support EV charging infrastructures design and operation, little attempt has been made to develop indicator-based methods characterising such networks across different regions. This study defines an assessment methodology, composed by eight indicators, allowing a comparison among EV public charging infrastructures. The proposed indicators capture the following: energy demand from EVs, energy use intensity, charger’s intensity distribution, the use time ratios, energy use ratios, the nearest neighbour distance between chargers and availability, the total service ratio, and the carbon intensity as an environmental impact indicator. We apply the methodology to a dataset from ElaadNL, a reference smart charging provider in The Netherlands, using open source geographic information system (GIS) and R software. The dataset reveals higher energy intensity in six urban areas and that 50% of energy supplied comes from 19.6% of chargers. Correlations of spatial density are strong and nearest neighbouring distances range from 1101 to 9462 m. Use time and energy use ratios are 11.21% and 3.56%. The average carbon intensity is 4.44 gCO2eq/MJ. Finally, the indicators are used to assess the impact of relevant public policies on the EV charging infrastructure use and roll-out.
Highlights
The global stock of electric vehicle (EV) cars surpassed three million vehicles in 2017 after crossing the one million unit mark in 2015 and the two million mark in 2016
Given the Dutch advanced implementation regarding charging infrastructure and data availability, this study focuses on a dataset provided by one of the main organisations in the field of smart charging infrastructure, ElaadNL [21]
Considering only the vehicles charging more than 24 kWh in two years (20,069), we we focus on the number of chargers used by these
Summary
The global stock of electric vehicle (EV) cars surpassed three million vehicles in 2017 after crossing the one million unit mark in 2015 and the two million mark in 2016. From a cost point of view, other authors [6] have modelled the impact of several factors, including charging infrastructure, on EV market share in Europe. The authors found that the private market can profitably support 95% of public charging stations, up to a ratio of 25 electric vehicles per charge point. Given the wide variation of public charging availability across markets with higher EV adoption, and housing differences, as well as the population density characteristics, it seems clear that there is no ideal global ratio for the number of EVs per public charge point. In Europe, charging infrastructures have been constructed by a combination of private charge point providers, power companies, automakers, and governments, primarily at the national and city levels.
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