Abstract
This paper investigates whether the classroom observation protocol can be adopted in PBL studies, to explore the appropriate instruments for further observation-based studies in PBL obtain. By systematically searching and concluding previous literature, the observation protocols are given special focus, leading to the main results of this review:1) There is one formal observation tool developed for PBL settings in the area of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education; 2) Apart from the only PBL-aimed protocol, there are other studies using tools specially designed to demonstrate teachers’ behavior and students’ engagement in real school settings; 3) Classroom observation could offer practical evidence for further exploration in a study using a mixed methodology, but formal observation tools should be adopted in these studies. In PBL studies, classroom observation could be an innovative method for further research, and more observation protocols are encouraged to be adopted or developed in the PBL obtain.
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