Indian Imitation or Invention of Cash‐Book and Algebraic Double‐Entry

Abstract

This paper opens by defining two distinct double‐entry systems: cash‐book and algebraic. It then examines evidence and arguments advanced in support of the contention that algebraic double‐entry was invented in India. Some evidence is found to support a case for an early development of cash‐book double‐entry. But the evidence and case for algebraic double‐entry seems to lack substance because the pivotal evidence of Alexander Hamilton was modified by his brother Walter. The paper then turns to examine the evidence that supports a contention that the Indians imitated and adopted the bookkeeping systems conveyed by the Moguls who conquered India in the mid‐sixteenth century. The analysis concludes that the available evidence regarding both cash‐book and algebraic double‐entry shows that the Indians were imitators rather than inventors.