Abstract

Citrus is a highly nutritive and prized fruit crop around the world. It contributes a substantial share in local consumption and exports of a nation to earn a handsome foreign exchange. The production of citrus is under the threat of citrus decline. Different factors are responsible for the citrus decline but virus and virus-like diseases have the major role in this decline. Virus and virus-like diseases alone or in association with other biotic and abiotic factors exist in the citrus orchards. Therefore, indexing of diseases caused by virus and virus-like pathogens is the key factor to manage these citrus diseases. Proper facilities and skilled personnel are the pre-requisite for the diseases indexing procedures. Biological, serological and molecular indexing is sensitive, reliable and durable strategy for managing different citrus virus and virus-like diseases under different conditions. Moreover, indexing of viruses and virus-like pathogens are very important for the production of disease free citrus nurseries. This chapter gives a brief review for the commonly used biological, serological and molecular assays for the detection of citrus virus and virus-like pathogens.

Highlights

  • Citrus belongs to family Rutaceae and holds an important position among fruits all around the globe

  • Northern hemisphere accounts for about 70% of the total citrus production and approximately 80 citrus species are native to India and other tropical and sub-tropical areas of Asia [2]

  • If the guidelines are properly followed and certified bud-wood becomes available for producing disease-free citrus plants, the problem of citrus decline can be minimized

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Summary

Introduction

Virus particle is a monopartite, positive sense, comprising of ssRNA genome of approximately 20Kb in size. Over the two decades i.e. 1930–1950, millions of citrus trees were destroyed due to CTV infection and citrus orchards were almost wiped out in Brazil, Spain, and Argentina. This virus was the killer of three million citrus trees grafted on sour orange rootstock alone in south California [91–94]. Characteristics symptoms of CTV are vein clearing, decline, stem pitting, seedling yellows, stunting and leaf corking on different citrus hosts like sweet orange, grapefruit, grafted on sour range root stock. The most efficient vector involved in semipersistent manner is T. citricida Kirkaldy (brown or black citrus aphid) when compared with other aphids

Citrus pathology
Virus and virus-like diseases of citrus
Yellow vein
Insects as vectors of virus and virus-like pathogens
Indexing strategies
Biological indexing
13. Gummy bark
Polyacrylamide Gel
Molecular assays
Detection of citrus viroids
Diagnostic methods for citrus viroids
Samples collection
Nucleic acid extraction
PCR protocol
Agarose gel electrophoresis
PCR product purification
Molecular Cloning (TOPO TA cloning kit, Invitrogen)
Two Dimensional poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE)
Indexing
Findings
Conclusion
Full Text
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