Index

Abstract

Citation (2023), "Index", Günar, A. and Saygın, D. (Ed.) The European Union in the Twenty-First Century, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-537-320231020 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2023 Altuğ Günar and Didem Saygın. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Africa-EU Migration and Mobility Dialogue of 2007, 116 African, Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP states), 261–262 African Development Bank (AfDB), 165 African Union (AU), 266 Alibaba Foundation, 229 Alternative for Germany party (AfD), 6–7, 98 American grand strategy, 183–184 European security as indispensable issue for, 187–190 restraining United States, 185–187 American pacifier, 184 Amsterdam Treaty, 89 Ankara Agreement, 237–238, 251 Antiimmigration, 97–98 critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in European Union, 101–106 discourse, 98–101 political parties, 97–98, 101 Apple, 164–165 Arab Spring, 5–6, 33 Artificial intelligence, 86 Automated decision-making, 86 Balance of Payments Assistance Facility (BoP Assistance Facility), 134–135 Balance of power, 184 Banking Union, 135–136 Berlin Hyp, 164–165 Berlin Plus Agreement, 175–176 Berlin Wall, 264–265 Biometric data collection, 86 Blueprint for Green Economy Report, 159–160 Border control mechanisms of European Union, 86–87 Border security, 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo crisis, 33 Bosnian War, 32 Brexit, 17–18, 172, 226, 228, 261–262 European Union and Supranational Unification, 18–19 and impact on Europe’s supranational journey, 21 increase in right-wing populism and nationalist tendencies, 24–27 losses of union and difficulties in reconstitution, 21–24 United Kingdom and European Union Relations, 19–21 Brussels Summit, 238 Brussels Treaty, 173 Budapest Process, 116 Business partner, 236 Cardiff European Council, 147–148 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 20–21, 39 China, 225–226 Climate Bonds Initiative, 165 Climate Change, 146, 148, 150 2020 Climate & Energy Package, 149–150 Club of Rome, 147 Cold War, 183–184, 198–199, 264–265 Common Agricultural Policy, 20 Common Fisheries Policy, 20 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 173 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 33, 174–176 Communiqué on International Role of Europe, 138–139 Concentric circles model, 9 Conference on the Future of Europe, 4 current problems affecting European integration, 4–8 new quests in EU, 9–12 scenarios for future of European Union, 8–9 Cooperation with non-EU countries, 114–115 Cooperative security, 185 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, 160 Copenhagen Criteria, 5, 237–238 Cotonou 2.0, 266 Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA), 262, 265 historical background, 262–266 1980 Coup D’état in Turkey, 6 COVID-19, 226 in Europe, 228–231 and financial problems in European Union, 37–39 as global health crisis, 35–37 pandemic, 7, 37, 39, 152 Credit Agricole, 164–165 Crimea, 219–220 Crimean Crises, 217–220 Critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in European Union, 101–106 Critical discourse analysis (CDA), 98, 100–101 Criticism, 120–121 CUFE-CNI Green Bond Index Series, 163 Cyprus, 5, 237 DAXglobal Alternative Energy, 163 Decision on Environment and Development, 148–149 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), 201 Defense-based relations in twenty-first century, 176–178 Degree of manufacturing, 67, 72 Digital Connectivity, 50–51 Digital Culture, 49 Digital Future, 49–50 Digital Life, 50 Digital Market, 46 Digital Shopping, 50 Digital Single Market, 46–48 achievements, 49 benefits, 46, 48–49 evolution, 51–56 formation, 46 strategy, 48 Digital Transformation, 51–56 Digital Trust, 50 Doha Amendment, 149–150 Draft on Foreigners and International Protection, 251 Dublin Summit, 148–149 Dunkirk Treaty, 173 E-commerce, 47 Early Warning and Response System, 37 Eastern Partnership (EaP), 120, 201 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 131 Economic crisis, 35 Economic developments, 136–138 Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), 265–266 Emission Trading System (ETS), 149–150 Engie, 164–165 ENVIREG initiative, 148–149 Environment, 146–148 Environmental Liability Directive, 147–148 Epidemic, 32 EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa, 116 EU Health Security Committee (HSC), 37 Communicators’ Network, 37 Euro Area, 137 Euro Plus Pact, 135 Eurodac, 91 Euromaidan Crises, 217–220 Euromaidan Protests, 198 Euromaidan Revolution in 2014, 196 Euronext Low Carbon 100 Europe Indices FTSE Environmental Markets Index Series, 163 Europa A la Charte model, 8 European Asylum Support Office, 6 European banks, 128 European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR), 86 European Central Bank (ECB), 132 European Commission, 47–48, 138–139, 151 European Community (EC), 198–199, 262–263 European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), 98 European Council, 147–148, 174 European debt crisis, 129–132 European Deposit Insurance Scheme, 135–136 European Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN), 133 European Economic and Financial System, new strategy for, 138–140 European Economic Area (EEA), 7 European Economic Community (EEC), 8, 17–18, 235–236, 251 European Environment Agency, 148–149 European Financial Stability and Integration Report (EFSIR), 136 European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), 133–134 European Financial Stabilization Mechanism (EFSM), 133 European Fingerprint Data Bank (EURODAC), 86 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 7, 18–19 European Green Deal, 146–148, 150, 154 Investment Plan, 151 European identity, 85–86 European Integrated Border Management, 114–115 European integration, 4, 226 current problems affecting, 4–8 European Monetary System, 20–21 European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 199–200, 213 EU–Ukraine relations before Orange Revolution, 216–217 historical development, 214–216 Strategy Document, 214 European Parliament (EP), 98, 238 European Police Organization (EUROPOL), 86 European Rapid Reaction Force, 33 European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI), 173–174 European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), 172–174 European security as indispensable issue for American grand strategy, 187–190 European Semester, 151 European Single Market, 46 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 133–134 European Union (EU), 4, 17–19, 32, 46, 65–66, 85–86, 97–98, 113–114, 129, 146, 148, 150, 172, 186, 196, 213, 226, 235–236, 261–262 attitude of European Union during international crises, 32–33 border control mechanisms of, 86–87 countries, 65–66 COVID-19 pandemic and financial problems in, 37–39 critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in, 101–106 current issues on EU–Turkey relations, 240–241 enlargement, 4–5 EU-28, 66–67, 69 EU–Russia–Ukraine Relations, 198–203 EU–Turkey relations in light of the strategic compass, 241–243 EU–Ukraine Summit, 217 in face of financial crises, 34–35 in face of security challenges, 33–34 new quests in, 9–12 Presidency and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4–5 scenarios for future of, 8–9 Ukraine Strategy Within Framework of European Neighborhood Policy, 217–220 European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust), 6 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), 6 European Union Relations, 19–21 European Union’s enlargement, 236 current issues on EU–Turkey relations, 240–241 EU–Turkey relations in light of the strategic compass, 241–243 Turkey’s membership process as well-fluctuated history, 236–240 European Union–Turkey Refugee Deal, 248 EU–Turkey relations and Turkey’s migration policy, 250–251 international cooperation in asylum movements and issue linkage as theoretical framework, 248–250 migration policy of EU states, 250 and outcomes, 252–254 Syrian Refugee Crisis, 251–252 European Volatility index (VSTOXX), 136 Europeanization, 239 Europol, 90–91, 250 Euroscepticism, 19–20, 239 Eurosur, 92–93 Exceptionalism, 19–20 Externalization of migration policies, 115–117 Facial recognition, 86 Family member, 236 Fifth EC Environmental Action Programme, 148–149 Fighting Climate Change, 147–148 Financial crisis, 128–129 Banking Union, 135–136 BoP Assistance Facility, 134–135 EFSF, 133–134 EFSM, 133 ESM, 134 Euro Plus Pact, 135 to European debt crisis, 129–132 European Union in face of, 34–35 mechanisms established and measures against crisis, 132–133 monitoring economic and financial developments, 136–138 new strategy for European Economic and Financial System, 138–140 Financial developments, 136–138 Fingerprinting, 86 Finns Party (PS), 98–99 Flexible integration model, 9 FLOs, 118–119 Foucault’s “Watchtower” expression, 85–86 Fouchet Plan, 173 Fratelli d’Italia (FDI), 98 Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 202–203 Frontex, 5–6 FRONTEX, 86, 91–92, 114–115 cooperation with third countries, 120–121 empowerment and expansion of Frontex’s mandate, 117–118 engagement with non-EU countries, 118–120 theoretical framework, 115–117 Future of European Union, 4 General Affairs Council, 238–239 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 264 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 267–268 Geographical proximity, 66 Georgia’s Rose Revolution of 2003, 199–200 GIIPS countries, 129–131 Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), 116, 120 Global Climate Action Agenda, 150 Global Risk Report, 152 Golden Dawn in Greece, 6–7 Goldman Sachs, 162 Green Bond Principles, 165 Green bonds, 164–165 Green Chip Stocks, 163 Green Credit Principles, 163 Green Deal, 146, 151 Green economics, 159–160 Green economy, 160–161 Green Exchanges, 163 Green financing investment vehicles, 162 Green industrial revolution, 153 Green loans, 162–163 Green policies, 160 Green transformation, 153 Green transition, 146 Greenhouse gas emissions, 148–149 Gross domestic product (GDP), 67 Health, 32 Helsinki Summit, 33, 237, 251 Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, 72 Human Rights Abuses, 39 ICBC, 164–165 Identity and Democracy (ID), 98 Integration policies, 196 International Capital Markets Association (ICMA), 163 International cooperation in asylum movements and issue linkage as theoretical framework, 248–250 International crises (see also Financial crisis), 32 attitude of European Union during, 32–33 COVID-19 as global health crisis, 35–37 COVID-19 pandemic and financial problems in European Union, 37–39 European Union in face of financial crises, 34–35 European Union in face of security challenges, 33–34 Human Rights Abuses, 39 pandemic, 39–40 International Manufactured Trade, 65–66 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 264–265 International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), 78 International trade, 67–69 Iranian Revolution, 6 Iris scanning, 86 Islamic Revolution, 6 Issue Linkage, 248–250 Jack Ma Foundation, 229 Joint Return Operations, 121 Just Transition Mechanism, 151 Justice and Home Affairs, 33 Katowice Climate Package, 150 Khartoum Process of 2014, 116 Kyoto Protocol, 149 Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution in 2005, 199–200 Leave No One Behind, 151 Lega Nord, 6–7 Lega Salvini Premier (LN), 98 Liberal hegemony, 186 Libya crisis, 33 Lilien index, 75 Limits to Growth, The, 147 Linguistic proximity, 66 Lisbon Strategy, 129–130, 146 Lisbon Treaty, 39, 173–176, 239 Lomé Conventions, 263–265 London Environmental Economics Center, 159–160 Luxembourg Summit, 90 Maastricht Treaty, 20–21, 33, 90, 173 Madrid attack, 91 Malta, 5 Manufacturing sector, 66 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II), 139–140 Marshall Plan, 175, 183–184 Member States (MSs), 114–115 Members of European Parliament (MEPs), 98 Migration, 85–86, 113–114 and Mobility Partnerships, 120 policy of EU states, 250 Migration Partnership Framework, 116 Montreal Protocol, 148–149 Most-Favored-Nation (MFN), 264 Multi-Speed Europe model, 8 National Front (see National Rally) National Rally, 6–7 Nationalism, 21 Nationalist tendencies, 24–27 Negotiation Framework, 238 Neo-isolationism, 185 Neo-isolationists, 185 Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening Financial System, 162 New Enhanced Agreement, 200 Next Generation EU, 38–39 9/11 attacks, 250 No Decoupling, No Discrimination, No Duplication rule (3D rule), 175 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 217 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 7–8, 172, 183–184, 198, 216 Partnership for Peace program, 217 Offshore balancing, 186 Open strategic autonomy, 139 Orange Revolution, 196–197 EU–Ukraine relations before, 216–217 Organization of African Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), 265 Organized hypocrisy, 120–121 Pandemic, 39–40 Paris Agreement, 150 Paris Climate Summit, 160 Paris One Planet Summit, 162 Party for Freedom in the Netherlands, 6–7 Passenger Name Record program (PNR program), 91 Passive activism, 239 Patriot law, 91 Pearl Harbor attack, 186 People’s Democratic Party (HDP), 241 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), 172, 176–177 Petersberg tasks, 173, 175 PHARE Programme, 5 Pleven Plan, 173 Political discourse, 100–101 Political parties, 97–98, 101 Polluter Pays Principle, 147–148 Positive agenda (PA), 236 Post-Brexit EU-ACP and UK Trade Relations, 266–270 Pragmatism, 19–20 Prague Process of 2009, 116 Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS), 98 Primacists, 185 Primacy, 185 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 248–250 Privileged partnership, 238 Public Access to Environmental Information, 148–149 Rabat Process, 116 Rada, 198 Rassemblement National (RN), 98 Realists, 186–187 Refugee crisis, 86 Refugee Deal, 248–250 Refugee Facility for Turkey, 116 REPowerEU, 204 Restrainers, 185–186 Restraint, 184 Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, 189 Right-wing populism, 24–27 Rio United Nations Sustainable Development Conference, 160 Risks, 120–121 Rule of Colonels in Greece, 6 “Russia-first” policy, 199 Russia–Georgia war (2008), 201 Russia–Ukraine war, 196 and implications for EU politics, 203–205 internal dimensions, 197–198 regional dimensions, 198–203 Saarbrücken Treaty, 87 Schengen Acquis, 88–89 Schengen Agreement, 87–88, 250 Schengen Area, 86–87, 90, 116 Schengen Implementation Action Plan, 89 Schengen Implementation Agreement, 87–89 Schengen Information System (SIS), 87 Sectoral reallocation, 75 Security in relations between European Union and United States, 174–176 Selective engagement, 185 Selective Europeanization, 239 Single European Act of 1987, 4, 87, 147–148 Single Market Law, 47 Single Market Programme, 47 Single resolution mechanism (SRM), 135–136 Single supervisory mechanism (SSM), 135–136 Sleeping Beauty of the Lisbon Treaty, 176–177 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 51 opportunities for, 51 SNCF, 164–165 Social Bonds, 165–166 South African Customs Union (SACU), 268 Southern Cyprus, 238–239 Sovereign democracy, 200–201 St. Malo Declaration, 173–174 STABEX, 263–264 Status Agreements, 119 Stockholm Declaration, 147 Strategic Compass (SC), 236 Suasion Game, 248–250 Supranational Unification, 18–19 Supranationalism, 18 Sustainable development, 159 Sustainable finance, 161 importance, 161 tools, 161–166 Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative, 163 Syrian Refugee Crisis, 251–252 System of Stabilization of Export Earnings from Mining Products (SYSMIN), 263–264 Tampere Process, 116 Threat, 97–98 Trade agreements, 261–262 Trade composition, 70–81 Trade concentration, 81 Trade partners, 69 Trading partners, 66–67 Traditional finance, 161 Traditional gravity variables, 66 Tragedy of the commons, 146–147 Treaty of Amsterdam, 90, 147–148 Treaty of Lisbon, 4, 7, 147–148 Treaty of Rome, 262–263 Truman Doctrine, 183–184 Turkey’s membership process as well-fluctuated history, 236–240 Ukraine, 214, 216–217 crisis, 188 Orange Revolution of 2004, 199–200 social structure and implications, 197–198 Ukrainian politics, 196 Unification, 18 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 5 United Kingdom (UK), 17–19, 21, 226, 261–262 agenda, 147 Conference on Trade and Development, 67 United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), 24–25 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 160 US–European Union Security Cooperation, 172 ESDP, 172–174 future of security and defense-based relations in twenty-first century, 176–178 security in relations between European Union and United States, 174–176 Valletta Europe-Africa Summit (2015), 116 Variable-Geometry Europe model, 8–9 Warsaw Pact, 5 Washington Consensus, 264–265 Western Balkans Risk Analysis Network, 118 Western European Union (WEU), 173 Westernization project, 236–237 Working Agreements, 119 World Bank (WB), 162–163, 165, 264–265 World Health Organization (WHO), 36 World Trade Organization (WTO), 264 Xi Jinping, 229–230 Yaoundé Conventions, 262 historical background, 262–266 Book Chapters Prelims Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 The Conference on the Future of Europe: A New Beginning or an Endless Crisis Management? Part 2 Major Political Economy and Security Policy Trends Chapter 2 Brexit: A Significant Blow to the Supranational Journey of the European Union Chapter 3 The Challenge of the European Union for COVID-19 in Fighting International Crises Chapter 4 Digital Union – European Union Digital Market and Transformation Chapter 5 International Manufactured Trade: A Sectoral Analysis for European Union Countries Chapter 6 Refugee Crisis and European Union Policies: Border Control Mechanisms Chapter 7 Anti-immigration Political Parties in the European Union: A Critical Discourse Analysis Chapter 8 Externalization of the European Union's Migration Policies: Frontex's Cooperation With Non-European Union Countries Chapter 9 Economic and Financial Developments in the European Union After the 2008 Financial Crisis Chapter 10 Green Awakening in the European Union: European Union's Environment, Climate Change Policies, and the Green Deal Chapter 11 Green Financial Policies in the European Union Part 3 The European Union's External Relations Chapter 12 The US–European Union Security Cooperation: Transatlantic Dimension Chapter 13 The Shadow of the Old Continent: How Do European Security Shape Future American Grand Strategy? Chapter 14 The European Union–Russia–Ukraine Triangle: Historical Background of Relations, Russia–Ukraine War, and Future Prospects Chapter 15 The European Union's Ukraine Strategy and Efficiency Within the Framework of European Neighborhood Policy: The Case of the Euromaidan and Crimean Crises Chapter 16 China's Approach to European Crises: Brexit and COVID-19 Chapter 17 The European Union's Enlargement Policy and Turkey: From Family Membership to Business Partnership? Chapter 18 The Analysis of Responsibility-Sharing in the 2016 European Union–Turkey Refugee Deal Chapter 19 The Relation Between the European Union, The United Kingdom, and African-Caribbean-Pacific States in the Post-Brexit Period Index