Index

Abstract

Citation (2021), "Index", Landahl, M.R. and Thornton, T.E. (Ed.) The Role of Law Enforcement in Emergency Management and Homeland Security (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Vol. 24), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-726220210000024017 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Above ground level (AGL), 279 Academy of Counter-Terrorist Education (ACE), 237 Actionable intelligence, 138 Adbusters, 263 Advance Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT), 162 Advanced persistent threats (APTs), 65 After-action reports (AARs), 21, 205 Air and Marine Operations (AMO), 95 Airspace integration, innovation in, 280 Albert sensors, 74 Alien Act of 1798, 90 Alien smugglers, 102–103 All-hazards approach, 204 Alliance to Combat Transnational Threats (ACTT), 98 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 281 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 18 Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council (ATAC), 126 Artificial intelligence (AI), 79 Asset response, 76 Assistant United States Attorney’s Offices (AUSA), 126 Atmospheric storms, 5 Attribution, 46 Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS), 65 Aviation and observation technologies, 276 Backdoor access, 57 Baltimore 2015, 264–265 Battle in Seattle, 262 Binding Operational Directives, 64 Blockchain, 79–80 Border Enforcement Security Taskforces (BESTs), 98 Border security, 89–90 coordinating structures, 98 federal law enforcement border security responsibility, 95–96 FIOPs, 93–95 fiscal years 2014–2018 strategic plan, 95 homeland security nexus, 90–92 law enforcement border security collaborative structures, 98–99 military and border security, 99–100 national protection goal and national preparedness system, 92 NPF, 92–93 subnational law enforcement’s role in border security, 96–98 US borders, 100–106 Boston Marathon Bombing, 204–209 changes in law enforcement preparedness, 212–214 themes and excerpts, 211–212 Botnet, 35, 60 Brennan Center, 156 Brute force attack, 59 Budapest Convention, 44 Bundibugyo virus, 252 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Customs and Border Protection, 115 Bureau of Justice Assistance and the Police Executive Research Forum (BJA-PERF), 69 Business email compromise schemes (BEC schemes), 30, 33–34, 61 Bystanders, 158 California, cybersecurity in, 67 California Cybersecurity Integration Center (Cal-CSIC), 67 California Cybersecurity Task Force, 67 California v. Ciraolo, 282 Capacity building, 25 Carpenter v. United States (2018), 47 Cascading failures, 18–19 Catfishing, 34 Cell phone analysis, 134 Cell site location information (CSLI), 47 Cell tower manipulation, 58 Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP), 237 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 240–241 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 117–118 Certificate of authorization (COA), 279 Check And Report Ebola kit (CARE kit), 254 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives event (CBRNE event), 207, 236 Chemical, Ordnance, Biological & Radiological Training Facility (COBRATF), 237 CHEMPACK, 245 Chicago Public Private Task Force (CPPTF), 24 ChicagoFIRST, 24 Cities readiness initiative (CRI), 246 City of Baltimore, 260 Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (CLOUD Act), 44–45 Collaboration, 70, 194–195 Collection Act of 1789, 90 Combined intelligence, 7 Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA), 185, 227 Communication, 210 Communications Decency Act (CDA), 40 Community Emergency Response Teams, 24 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), 285 Company insiders, 62 Comprehensive emergency management (CEM), 171, 173 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG), 181 Computer crimes, 30 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 38–39 Computer models, 270 Congressional Research Service (CRS), 162 CONPLAN, 221 CONTEST, 158 Continuity Guidance Circular (CGC), 185 Continuity operations plans (COOPs), 182, 185, 248 Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM), 64 Coordinated attack, 4 Coordinating structures, 98 Coordination, 210 Corporate competitors, 61 Countering violent extremism (CVE), 114, 158 Counterterrorism (CT), 123 operations, 114–115 Covert incident, 249 COVID-19 pandemic, 7 Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), 22 Criminal intelligence, 132–133 Crises, 4–7 Critical infrastructure (CI), 17 capacity building, 25 cascading failures, 18–19 cybersecurity, 25–26 infrastructure protection strategies, 19–25 owners, 25 sectors and sector-specific federal agency, 20 system failure, 17–18 Critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR), 15–17, 224 cascading effect of CIKR failure, 19 protection, 27 risk management framework, 20 systems, 18 Critical infrastructure security (see also Border security) improving, 64 and resilience, 63–64 Critical partnerships, 31 Crowd management, 272 Culture of preparedness, 204 areas of improvement for law enforcement response, 208–212 Boston Marathon Bombing, 206–209 building, 205 Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 94–95 Cyber, 66 Cyber Assistant Legal Attaché program (ALAT program), 45 Cyber corridor, 68 Cyber incident management, 43 Cyber incident response asset response, 76 federal government’s role in, 76–77 intelligence support, 77 policies, 76 state and local governments’ role in, 77–78 threat response, 77 Cyber Information Sharing and Collaboration Program (CISCP), 65 Cyber Intrusion Command Center, 71 Cyber investigations and prosecutions cybercrime environment, 29–30 cybercrime notifications, 41–43 cybercrime terms and trends, 33–38 evidence gathering, 43–46 federal criminal statutes, 38–41 federal government investigative strategy, authorities, and framework, 30–33 investigative challenges, 46–47 Cyber Lab, 71 Cyber Task Forces (CTFs), 32 Cyber threat environment, 55–56 Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center (CTIIC), 72 Cyber Threat Team model, 32 Cyber threats, 18 U.S.C. § 875 (d), 39 Cyber-enabled crimes, 33 Cyberattacks, 25–26, 31 backdoor access, 57 company insiders, 62 corporate competitors, 61 DDoS attack, 59–60 hacktivists, 61 malware, 57 man-in-the-middle attack, 57–59 methods, 56 motivations, 60 nation-states, 60–61 opportunists, 62 organized crime groups, 61–62 password attack, 59 phishing, 57 SQL injection, 60 zero-day vulnerabilities, 56–57 Cyberbullying, 34 Cybercrime business email compromise, 33–34 catfishing, 34 cyberstalking, cyberharrasment, and cyberbullying, 34 DDoS attack, 35 doxing/swatting, 35 duty to report child pornography, 42 environment, 29–30 general cybercrime reporting–current voluntary self-reporting, 41–42 jurisdiction, 43 notifications, 41 pharming, 35 phishing/spear phishing, 35–36 ransomware, 36 revenge porn, 36 sextortion, 36–37 SIM card swapping, 37 smishing, 38 social engineering, 38 spoofing/online impersonation, 38 terms and trends, 33 UCR/NIBRS, 42 victim notification, 42–43 vishing, 38 Cyberharrasment, 34 Cybersecurity, 25–26, 64, 72 (see also Election security example) of federal networks and critical infrastructure, 64 Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), 43, 64 Cyberspace Solarium Commission (CSC), 31, 56 Cyberstalking, 34 18 U.S.C. § 2261A, 39 Cynefin, 260 Data, 133 Decision-making models, 7 Deductive approach, 250 “Defend forward” approach, 66 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 236 Department of Defense (DOD), 66, 117–119 Department of Homeland Security–Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (DHS-CISA), 60 Department of Homeland Security–Federal Emergency Management Agency (DHS-FEMA), 68 Department of Transportation (DOT), 78, 280 Destructive attacks, 30 Dictionary attack, 59 Director of National Intelligence (DNI), 56, 117 Disaster researchers, 177 Dissemination/action, 138–139 Distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS attacks), 30, 35, 59–60 District of Columbia (DC), 243 Diversion, 158 Do Not Board (DNB), 243 DOD’s Cyber Crime Center (DC3), 72 Domain name server/system spoofing (DNS spoofing), 38, 58 Domestic Drones, 281 Domestic Preparedness Program (DPP), 236 “Don’t Name Them” campaign, 162 Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U. S. 227, 282 Doxing, 35 Drones, 263, 276 applications and cost advantages, 277–278 culture, 281 current legal landscape, 282–283 innovation in airspace integration, 280 limitations, 278–279 privacy issues, 280–282 recommendations for drone technology adoption, 283–288 regulatory environment, 279–280 Droughts, 6 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 102 Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 115 Dual use vulnerability, 79 Duty to report child pornography, 42 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 266 Ebola 2014–2016 case study, 252–255 Ebola virus (EBOV), 252 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), 236 Economic Espionage, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1831–1839, 39–40 Economic Espionage Act (EEA), 39 Ecosystem, 1 8Chan, 163 EINSTEIN program, 64–65, 74 EINSTEIN 1, 65 EINSTEIN 2, 65 EINSTEIN 3A, 65 El Paso MATRIX, 140–142 Election security example, 73 federal government’s role, 73–74 local government’s role, 75 state government’s role, 74–75 Electronic Crimes Task Forces (ECTFs), 33 Electronic evidence, data collection, and fourth amendment, 47 Email hijacking, 58 Email spoofing, 38 Emergency Assistance and Disaster Act, 68 Emergency management, 1, 260 activities, 2 cycle, 2 positioning law enforcement within, 3 Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), 78, 230–231 Emergency medical officials, 237 Emergency medical personnel, 270 Emergency medical service (EMS), 212, 222 Emergency operations center (EOC), 178, 253 Emergency operations plans (EOPs), 182–185 Emergency planning, 177 Emergency support functions (ESFs), 223 Emergent threats, 4, 6–7, 79 AI, 79 blockchain, 79–80 IoT, 79–80 Emerging threats (see Emergent threats) Encryption, 46–47 Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO), 96 Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS), 65–66 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 282 Escalated force, 260–261 Evidence gathering, 43 (see also International evidence gathering) SCA, 43–44 Wiretap Act, 44 Executive Order (EO), 242 Executive Order 13636, 64 Executive Order 13691, 64 Executive Order 13800, 64 Exercise participation, 205 Explosive Ordinance Detection (EOD), 214 Extortion, 61 Extraordinary rendition, 118 Extreme weather, 5 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 278 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 30, 70, 115, 135, 156, 214, 221, 250 Federal criminal statutes, 38 CFAA, 38–39 cyber threats, 18 U.S.C. § 875 (d), 39 cyberstalking, 18 U.S.C. § 2261A, 39 economic espionage, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1831–1839, 39–40 online human trafficking, 40 sexual exploitation of children, 18 U.S.C. § 2251, 40 threats and harassment, 47 U.S.C. § 223, 41 wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, 41 Federal cyber centers, 72 Federal cyber investigators, 32–33 Federal cyber strategy, 30–31 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 92, 154, 179, 204, 220 Federal government investigative strategy, authorities, and framework, 30–33 Federal government’s role, 73–74 in cyber threat management, 62 offensive cyber operations, 66 policies, 63–64 systems monitoring, threat detection, and information sharing, 64–66 Federal Interagency Operational Plans (FIOPs), 93–95, 182 Federal investigative authority, 31–32 Federal law enforcement border security responsibility, 95–96 Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP), 221 Federal Response Plan (FRP), 221 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 36 Federalism, 240–241 Feedback, 139 Felt need, 195–196 high level of, 199 Ferguson Effect, 269 Filoviridae Ebolavirus, 252 Firefighters, 270 Fiscal year (FY), 105 2014–2018 strategic plan, 95 Fixed-wing aircraft, 276 Floods, 5 Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445, 282 Force protection, 19 Formalized processes, 198 Freedom of Information Act, 16 Fusion centers, 21, 72, 124–126 liaison officer programs, 134 risk-assessment model, 136 Game theory, 22 Geographic information system (GIS), 271 Global positioning devices, 134 Global positioning system (GPS), 47, 147, 262 Globalization, 18 Governor’s Guide to Homeland Security, A, 120, 125 Hacktivists, 61 Hazardous materials (HazMat), 207 Hazards, 3–4, 7 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 239 Heat waves, 6 Helicopters, 276 High threats, 6 High-reliability organization (HRO), 227–228 Homeland Security Exercise Evaluation Program (HSEEP), 188 Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN), 164 Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), 96, 115 Homeland security nexus, 90–92 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5), 220 Household preparedness, 172 HTTPS spoofing, 58 Human behavior, 175–180 Human immune system, 27 Human responses to extreme events, 175–177 Human vulnerability, 79 Human-induced hazards, 4–6 Hurricanes, 5 Hybrid intelligence cycle, 139–140 Hydrologic systems, 5 Illegal immigration, 103–104 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), 97 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 94–95, 115 Improvisation, 179 Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 206 awareness, 209 Incident action plan (IAP), 185 Incident Command Post (ICP), 225–227 Incident Command System (ICS), 2, 70, 178, 187, 210, 220–221, 225–227 critique, 227–230 Incident commander (IC), 186 Incident management teams (IMTs), 186–187 Indoctrination, 155 Inductive approach, 250 Information, 132–133 Information sharing, 64–66, 71, 134 federal cyber centers, 72 fusion centers, 72 InfraGard, 72 ISAO, 72–73 MS-ISAC, 73 NCFTA, 73 Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISAC), 64 Information Sharing and Analysis Organizations (ISAOs), 64, 72–73 Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), 41 Information technology (IT), 64 InfraGard, 25, 72 InfraGard Members Alliance (IMA), 72 Infrastructure protection strategies, 19–25 Innovation Team, 179 Insurance, 25 Integrated planning, 208 Integration of federal, state, and local agencies, 122–126 Integration Pilot Program (IPP), 280 Intelligence, 114, 132–133 analysis, 138 center, 134 collection, 136–137 cycle, 135–139 dissemination/action, 138–139 feedback/reevaluation, 139 fusion centers, 120 key intelligence functions, 134–140 liaison officer, 134 planning and direction/requirements, 135–136 processing, 137–138 support, 77 Intelligence and investigation function (I/I function), 228 Intelligence community (IC), 31, 104 Intelligence Community’s Security Coordination Center (IC-SCC), 72 Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act (IRTP Act), 116 Intelligence-led policing (ILP), 133–134 Intentional biological events, 236 Interagency, 199 International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), 284 International City/County Management Association, 77 International evidence gathering, 44 Budapest Convention, 44 CLOUD Act, 44–45 international cooperation, 45–46 MLAT, 45 International pandemic, 6 Internet, 34 Internet billboard, 61 Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), 30, 33, 41 Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force Program (ICAC), 33 Internet of Things (IoT), 79–80 Internet protocol spoofing (IP spoofing), 38, 58 Internet Service Provider (ISP), 36 Investigative challenges, 46–47 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 157 Isolation, 241–244 Jihadization, 155 Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team (JCAT), 118 Joint investigations, 251 Joint Operations Center (JOC), 72 Joint Task Force (JTF), 99 Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF), 115, 123–124, 159 Jurisdiction, 43 Katz v. United States, 282 Kent State University, 261 Key logger attack, 59 Known and Suspected Terrorists (KSTs), 104 Law enforcement, 1, 21, 90, 114 agencies, 8–9 best practices, 140–148 border security collaborative structures, 98–99 crises, 4–7 hazards and threats, 3–4 intelligence process, 131–132 intelligence-led policing, 133–134 key intelligence functions, 134–140 levels, 22 officers, 3 paradigmatic shift, 7–8 parties, 2 positioning law enforcement within emergency management, 3 Law Enforcement Online (LEO), 164 Law Enforcement Support Center (LESC), 99 Leadership, 197 as primary factor, 199 trust and leadership compensate, 200 Legal Attaché program (LEGAT program), 45 Local government’s role, 75 Los Angeles, cyberattacks, 70 Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 164 Louisiana, cybersecurity in, 68 Louisiana State University (LSU), 237 Machine learning (ML), 79 Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA), 163 Malware, 36, 57 Man-in-the-middle attack, 57–59 Managed inventory (MI), 245 Mandated system, 197–198 Mass violence, 153 early research and strategies, 155–157 evolution of multidisciplinary team approaches, 159–164 United Kingdom’s counterterrorism strategy, 157–158 United States’ countering violent extremism model, 158–159 Mathematical modeling, 260 Medical assistance, 209 Medical countermeasures (MCM), 241 Megacities, 17 Memorandums of understanding (MOU), 230 Mental Evaluation Unit, 164 Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 246 Michigan, cybersecurity in, 68 Michigan Cyber Civilian Corps (MiC3), 68 Michigan Cyber Disruption Strategy, 68 Michigan Cyber Initiative, 68 Military and border security, 99–100 Misattribution, 46 Mobilization, 210 Money Mule Team (MMT), 34 Motivation, 56 Multi-Agency Tactical Response Information Exchange (MATRIX), 140 Multi-state Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), 71, 73 Multidisciplinary team approaches, evolution of, 159–164 Mutual aid agreements (MAAs), 230 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty process (MLAT process), 45 Nation-states, 60–61 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 226 National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS), 74 National Center for Biomedical Research Training (NCBRT), 237 National Computer Forensics Institute, 33 National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), 75 National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), 116, 123 National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan, 134 National Cyber Incident Joint Task Force (NCIJTF), 32, 43 National Cyber Incident Response Plan (NCIRP), 67 National Cyber Investigative Joint Task Force (NCIJTF), 72, 77 National cyber strategy, 31, 63 National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America, 30–31 National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), 72 National Disaster Preparedness Training Center (NDPTC), 237 National Domestic Preparedness Consortium (NDPC), 237 National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), 230 National Emergency Response and Recovery Training Center (NERRTC), 237 National Governors Association (NGA), 67 National Guard, 99–100 National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 42 National Incident Management System (NIMS), 2, 70, 177, 187, 207, 220, 229 critique, 224–225 expanding capabilities of local response, 230–231 limitation to, 225 steps, 221–222 structure, 222–224 National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), 63 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 78 National Joint Terrorism Task Force (NJTTF), 126 National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), 237 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 4 National Operations Center (NOC), 99 National Planning System (NPS), 180 National policy, 171 National power, 31 National preparedness, 63 National Preparedness Goal (NPG), 92, 173–175, 204 National Preparedness System (NPS), 92, 173 National Protection Framework (NPF), 92–93 National Response Framework (NRF), 222 National Response Plan (NRP), 222 National Security Agency (NSA), 119 National Security Decision Directive (NSDD), 56 National security investigations, 32 National Security Special Events (NSSE), 199 recommendations for successful events, 198–200 supportive factors, 195–198 National Training and Education Division (NTED), 122 National-level policy, 126–127 Natural events, 236 Natural hazards, 4–5 Negotiated management, 261–262 New Jersey ROIC, 142–145 New Mexico Energetic Material Research and Testing Center (EMRTC), 237 New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), 177 New York, cybersecurity in, 69 New York Police Department (NYPD), 23–24, 121, 155 New Yorkers, 18 Noble Training Facility (NTF), 237 Non-pharmaceutical interventions, 244–245 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 2, 222 NSA’s Cybersecurity Threat Operations Center (NCTOC), 72 Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Act, 236 Oakland City government, 264 Occupy Movement, 260, 263–264, 272 Offensive cyber operations, 66 Office of Field Operations (OFO), 95 Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), 118 Online human trafficking, 40 Online impersonation, 38 Operational coordination, 229 Operational-level planning, 182–185 Opportunists, 62 Organizational behavior, 175–180 Organizational preparedness, 9 Organizational responses, 177–180 Organized crime groups, 61–62 Overt incident, 249 Pakistani International Airports’ computer system, 26 Pandemics, 246–248 Password(s), 46–47 attack, 59 Payroll diversion, 61 Personal identification numbers (PIN), 35 Personal identifying information (PII), 35, 60 Pharming, 35 Phishing, 35–36, 57 Physical assets, 15 Physical security, 19 Pittsburgh, 71 Planning, 171 assumptions, 175–180 Planning, Organization, Equipment, Training, and Exercises (POETE), 181 Points of distribution (PODs), 245 Police commanders, 269 Police departments (PDs), 214, 263, 277 Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), 42, 247, 264–265 Police organization terrorism preparedness, 173 Policing civil disturbances, 259 case studies, 263–269 evolutions of response to demonstration and unrest, 260–263 integrated responses for future, 270–272 Policing protest, 260 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 263 Portland Police Department (PPD), 263 Posse Comitatus Act, 99 Posse Comitias, 214 Post-9/11 criminal justice research, 173 Pre-radicalization, 155 Preparedness, 171–175 improving preparedness plans, 188 for US law enforcement agencies, 180–188 President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 261 Presidential Policy Directive (PPD), 16 PPD 21, 20, 63–64 PPD 41, 76 PPD 8, 63, 173, 175, 204 PREVENT, 158 Prevention mission, 9 Private sector cybersecurity information sharing, 64 Project Solarium, 31 Protecting Privacy from Aerial Surveillance, 285 Protection mission, 9 Protests as complex–adaptive environments, 266 zones, 262 Providing Alternatives to Hinder Extremism initiative (PATHE initiative), 164 Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (PATRIOT Act), 116 Public health, 236 change in approach–pushing capability to lowest level, 236–237 Ebola 2014–2016 case study, 252–255 law enforcement and public health organizational interactions, 249–251 limitations to interaction, 239–241 mechanisms of interaction, 241–248 and practice of medicine, 238–239 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), 236 Public mass shootings, 154 Public safety-oriented platform, 8 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR), 90–91 Quarantine, 241–244 Radicalization, 155 Rampant wildfires, 5 Random anti-terrorism measures (RAMs), 22 Ransomware, 36 attacks, 30 Rapid intelligence, 139 Recovery and Investigative Development team (RaID team), 34 Recovery Asset Team (RAT), 34 Red flag laws, 162 Reevaluation, 139 Regional Operations and Intelligence Center (ROIC), 140 Reinsurance, 25 Reporting system, 41–42 Research-based knowledge, 171 Response, 67 mission, 10 Reston virus, 252 Revenge porn, 36 Revenge pornography, 30, 36 Riley v. California (2014), 47 Risk management, 19 Sabotage, 60 Salmonella Typhimurium, 249–250 San Diego, 71 Santa Fe Police Department Criminal Intelligence Center, 145–146 Secret Service, 115 Secure sockets layer hijacking (SSL hijacking), 58 Security and Emergency Response Training Center (SERTC), 237 “See Something, Say Something” public information campaign, 204 Self-radicalization, 155 Semi-autonomous agencies, 120 Sensemaking, 178–179 Severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS), 242 Sextortion, 36–37 Sexual Exploitation of Children, 18 U.S.C. § 2251, 40 SHIELD, 23–24 SmartPhones, 46–47 Smishing, 38 Social capital, 196–197 Social distancing, 243 Social engineering, 38 Social identity, 272 Social media covert operations, 134 SONY attack, 46 Southern California fires, 2 Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), 7 Spear phishing, 35–36 Special Interests Aliens (SIAs), 104 Special weapons and tactics (SWAT), 35, 207, 264 Spoofing, 38 Spyware, 57 Stakeholder Preparedness Review (SPR), 181 State, Local, Tribal and Territorial (SLTT), 21 State Active Duty (SAD), 70 State and local governments’ role in cyber incident response, 77–78 in cyber threat management, 66–67 State Cyber Disruption Response Plans, 67 State government’s role, 74–75 Stealing browser cookies, 58–59 Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act of 2017 (S. 1693) (SESTA), 40 Stored Communications Act (SCA), 43–44 Storm surges, 5 Strategic incapacitation, 262–263 Strategic intelligence, 138–139 Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), 244–246 Strategic-level planning, 181–182 Strategy, 90 Structure Query Language injection (SQL injection), 60 Structured Interview for Violence Risk Assessment (SIVAR), 164 Structures, 94–95 Subnational law enforcement’s role in border security, 96–98 Subscriber identity module card swapping (SIM card swapping), 37 Sudan virus, 252 Surveillance cameras, 134 Swatting, 35 Sweeping generalizations, 155 Swift trust, 196 System failure, 17–18 Systems monitoring, 64–66 Tactical intelligence, 138 Tactical-level planning, 185–188 Tai Forest virus, 252 Target and Blue program, 24 Targeting intelligence methodology, 136 Tariff Act of 1789, 90 Task force environment, 33 Task Force Officers (TFOs), 163 Technical vulnerability, 79 Technological solutions, 134 Technology, 47 Technology adoption, 283–288 Telecommunications device, 41 Telephones, 41 Terrorism, 154 nexus, 104–106 Terrorism Liaison Officer (TLO), 122 Terrorism prevention, 113–114 at federal level, 114–120 integration of federal, state, and local agencies, 122–126 at local level, 121–122 national-level policy, 126–127 at state level, 120–121 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, 25 Terrorist Screening Center (TSC), 116 Thornton’s 4C’s model, 7–9 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA), 181 Threat(s), 3–4, 7, 56 to border security, 101 detection, 64–66 and harassment, 47 U.S.C. § 223, 41 response, 77 Thunderstorms, 5 Tornadoes, 5 Trade secret, 39–40 Traditional crimes, 30 Training, 205 Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs), 102–103 Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 224 Trickery, 59 Trust, 196–197 and leadership compensate, 200 as primary factor, 199–200 trust-building, 284 Tuberculosis (TB), 243 Ukrainian electrical system, 26 Unified command (UC), 186 Unified Coordination Group (UCG), 76, 78 Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), 42 United Kingdom’s counterterrorism strategy, 157–158 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), 17 United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), 66 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 198 United States Department of Justice (US DOJ), 30, 60, 221, 285 United States Intelligence Community (USIC), 114, 118 United States Secret Service (USSS), 33 United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256, 283 United States v. Jones (2012), 47 United States v. Microsoft (2017), 45 United States’ countering violent extremism model, 158–159 University of Delaware Disaster Research Center (DRC), 177 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 263, 276 Unmanned aircraft, 281 Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), 276 Urbanization, 17 US Border Patrol (USBP), 95 US borders, 100 illegal immigration, 103–104 security strategy, 90 terrorism nexus, 104–106 threats to border security, 101 transnational criminal organizations and alien smugglers, 102–103 US Coast Guard (USCG), 95 US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 16, 20, 36, 90, 116–117, 173, 204, 221 US law enforcement agencies, preparedness for, 180–188 USSS-NTAC, 160–161 Utah cybersecurity in, 69 model, 69 Utah Department of Public Safety (DPS), 69 Utah Olympic Public Safety Command (UOPSC), 197 Utah Technology Governance Act, 69 Vehicle-borne improvised explosive attacks (VBIED attacks), 19 Vermont, cybersecurity in, 69–70 Victim notification, 42–43 Violence Project, The, 162 Virginia, cybersecurity in, 70 Viruses, 57 Vishing, 38 Visible intermodal protection and response operations (VIPR operations), 22 Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP), 41, 78 Vulnerabilities, 56–57 “WannaCry” virus, 36 WarGames, 55 cities, 70–71 cyber threat environment, 55–56 cyberattack methods, 56–60 cyberattack motivations, 60–62 election security example, 73–75 emerging threats, 79–80 federal government’s role in cyber incident response, 76–77 federal government’s role in cyber threat management, 62–66 information sharing, 71–73 state and local governments’ role in cyber incident response, 77–78 state and local governments’ role in cyber threat management, 66–67 states, 67–70 Watch operations, 146–147 Weapon and vehicle protocols, 209–210 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), 94, 236 Whole-community approach, 204 Wi-Fi eavesdropping, 58–59 Winter Olympics, 194–195 Winter storms, 5 Wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, 41 Wiretap Act, 44 Wisconsin, cybersecurity in, 70 Wisconsin Emergency Management (WEM), 70 World Health Organization (WHO), 7 World Trade Organization (WTO), 262 Zero-day attack, 56 vulnerabilities, 56–57 Book Chapters Prelims Introduction: Exploring the Role of Law Enforcement in Emergency Management Throughout 2020 Part 1: The Protection Mission Chapter 1: Law Enforcement and the Protection of Critical Infrastructures Chapter 2: Bots, Bytes, and Briefs: Cyber Investigations and Prosecutions Chapter 3: Wargames: A Catalogue of Post-Broderick Cyber Threats Chapter 4: Border Security Part 2: The Prevention Mission Chapter 5: Preventing Terrorism: Structures and Processes Chapter 6: Law Enforcement Intelligence Process Chapter 7: Preventing Acts of Mass Violence Part 3: Organizational Preparedness Chapter 8: Preparedness and Planning for Law Enforcement Operations Chapter 9: Preparing for Planned Events: National Security Special Events Chapter 10: Preparing Officers to Build a Culture of Preparedness: A Case Study of the Boston Marathon Bombings Part 4: The Response Mission Chapter 11: The Impact of the National Incident Management System on Law Enforcement Chapter 12: Law Enforcement in Public Health Emergencies Chapter 13: Policing Civil Disturbances: 21st Century Evolutions and Integrated Response Chapter 14: The Promise and Challenge of Drones in Homeland Security Index