“Indeterminate” Microvolt T-Wave Alternans Tests Predict High Risk of Death or Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Abstract

This study tested the hypothesis that an "indeterminate" microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) test, when due to ectopy, unsustained MTWA, or low exercise heart rate (HR), has prognostic significance similar to a positive MTWA test. MTWA testing, used to stratify risk of sudden or total mortality in patients with structural heart disease, has been limited by a substantial number of "indeterminate" tests. Indeterminate tests are due to patient factors--excessive ventricular ectopy during exercise, unsustained MTWA, or failure to achieve a HR of 105 beats/min for 1 min--or technical factors such as a noisy recording or an exercise protocol that causes an excessively rapid rise in HR. Patients in sinus rhythm with left ventricular ejection fraction < or =0.40 underwent MTWA exercise tests, analyzed with the spectral method and classified by a computerized interpretation algorithm. The primary end point was all-cause mortality or documented non-fatal sustained ventricular arrhythmia (SVA). "Indeterminate" tests were reviewed jointly by 2 readers blinded to subsequent events to determine the primary reason for indeterminacy. Participants (N = 549) were 56 +/- 13 years and 71% male; 49% had ischemic cardiomyopathy. There were 40 deaths and 11 non-fatal SVA. Most (94%) indeterminate results were due to patient factors. The 2-year rate for death or SVA was 17.8% in patients with an "indeterminate" MTWA test compared with 12.3% in those with a positive test. In patients with left ventricular dysfunction, an "indeterminate" MTWA test due to patient factors predicted death or SVA at least as well as a positive test.