Indentation onto Stishovite (SiO<sub>2</sub>), MgO, and a Covered Superalloy: “Pop-In” Repair, Phase-Transition Onsets, Polymorph Energies, and Transition-Energies

Abstract

The Berkovich indentation loading curves of the initially only extraterrestrial available polymorphs of SiO2 are physically analyzed by applying the now well established FN-h3/2 plots for conical/pyramidal indentations, in view of determining the phase-transition onset forces, indentation energies, and transition energies. Two phase-transitions of synthesized Stishovite yielding 2 polymorphs (one of them is Seifertite) with these properties are characterized. A third post-Stishovite polymorph is safely projected for higher load indentation. Both of them are now available at room temperature on earth for further investigation and the projected third of them is waiting. The published “pop-ins” had to be removed by self-evident repair of the force-depth curve. The meaning of published “pop-ins” is elucidated, apparently for the first time. The reasons for them and their avoidance are manifold. They are not materials’ properties but mechanical artefacts. Published pop-ins are not at all connected to phase-transitions, despite theoretical considerations claiming elastic-plastic conversion at the start of “pop-ins”. Spherical indentation analyses before them are obsolete. Final support is inter alia that one of the two new MgO twinning transitions is within a published “pop-in excursion”. The putting of a pop-in arrow at smooth loading curve without discontinuities is criticized, as the transfer between chemically different phases is neither phase transition nor “pop-in”. The polymorph’s onset forces, their energies and their endo- or exo-thermic phase-transition energies are reported. The development of the Stishovite, post-Stishovite and MgO polymorphs is mechanochemical analyzed. High pressure polymorph energetic properties are important for the earth’s sub mantel investigations and for public safety of technical materials such as MgO for constructions, or covered superalloys for e.g. airplanes, turbines, etc. Breakage and catastrophic cracks are more easily initiated at polymorph interfaces, the onset and transition energies must be above the highest possible mechanical and thermal stress for their being safe.