Increasing the foreignness of an antigen, by coupling a second and foreign antigen to it, increases the T helper type 2 component of the immune response to the first antigen

Abstract

It has been proposed that the degree of an antigen's foreignness is important in determining the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response it generates. We test this hypothesis here and partially dissect the underlying mechanism. Immunization of C57BL/6 and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-transgenic mice, tolerant to HEL at the T-cell level, with low doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), generated a predominant T helper type 1 (Th1) response in both mouse strains. However, substantial numbers of SRBC-specific Th2 cells were generated when normal, but not HEL-transgenic, mice were immunized with a low dose of the conjugate HEL-SRBC. The generation of these anti-SRBC Th2 cells in normal mice required that HEL be coupled to SRBC, since HEL was ineffective in deviating the response to SRBC when present but coupled to another, non-cross-reacting, xenogeneic RBC. This Th2 deviation of the anti-SRBC response by HEL thus requires the operational recognition of HEL epitopes linked to SRBC. Thus increasing the foreignness of an antigen increases its ability to generate Th2 cells. Our findings, in the context of previous observations in related systems, support the proposal that more CD4(+) T-cell/CD4(+) T-cell interactions, mediated by the operational recognition of linked epitopes, are required to generate Th2 cells than Th1 cells.