Increasing the efficiency of precise genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 by inhibition of nonhomologous end joining.

Abstract

Methods to introduce targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) into DNA enable precise genome editing by increasing the rate at which externally supplied DNA fragments are incorporated into the genome through homologous recombination. The efficiency of these methods is limited by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an alternative DNA repair pathway that competes with homology-directed repair (HDR). To promote HDR at the expense of NHEJ, we targeted DNA ligase IV, a key enzyme in the NHEJ pathway, using the inhibitor Scr7. Scr7 treatment increased the efficiency of HDR-mediated genome editing using Cas9 in mammalian cell lines and in mice for all four genes examined up to 19-fold. This approach should be applicable to other customizable endonucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator like effector nucleases, and to non-mammalian cells with sufficiently conserved mechanisms of NHEJ and HDR.