Abstract
We present models of decaying particles for increasing the effective number of neutrinosNν after big bang nucleosynthesis but before the structure formation begins. We point outthat our scenario not only solves the discrepancy between the constraints onNν from these two epochs, but also provides a possible answer to deeper inconsistency in theestimation of the matter power spectrum amplitude at small scales, represented byσ8, between the WMAP and some small scale matter power measurements such as theLyman-α forest and weak lensing. We consider (a) saxion decay into two axions; (b) gravitino decayinto axino and axion; (c) Dirac right-handed sneutrino decay into gravitino andright-handed neutrino.
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