Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC)-induced wind waves are a major concern in coastal safety, therefore quantifying the long-term change in extreme TC waves is critical for the design of coastal infrastructures and for understanding variations in coastal morphology. In this study, a trend analysis is performed on the TC-induced extreme wave heights in the northern East China Sea using numerically simulated wave height data during the period of 1979 to 2018. The simulation was forced with historical TC winds constructed using a parametric TC wind model with satellite-observed TC best-track data as the input. The results show consistently increasing extreme wave heights throughout the study region, which are induced predominantly by the increasing TC intensity. The increase rates (0.01–0.08 m yr−1) are relatively large (small) in offshore (nearshore) waters and at relatively high (low) latitudes. The spatial variability of the wave height trend is highly sensitive to the type of TC track. An analytical model of extreme wave height trend is developed that can efficiently estimate the rate of change in the extreme wave heights using extreme wind speed information.
Highlights
Extreme high wind waves generated by tropical cyclone conditions are of great importance for many marine applications
The results suggested that the constructed winds compare well with those measured by in-situ buoys when the undetermined parameters, namely the radius of the maximum wind speed (Rmax) and the shape parameter (Bs), are suitably configured
Wang et al [14] analyzed the influences of available physical solutions on Tropical cyclone (TC)-induced wave simulations and found that the differences among these solutions were nonnegligible. The performances of these solutions were assessed by comparing the simulated results with in situ buoy measurements, and the results indicated that the best performance arose when using the wind input and whitecapping dissipation model developed by Komen et al [30] and the bottom friction model by Hasselmann et al [31]
Summary
Extreme high wind waves generated by tropical cyclone (hereafter TC) conditions are of great importance for many marine applications (e.g., coastal engineering, safety, ecosystems, and morphology changes). TCs pose huge threats to the coastal regions along the northern ECS, as they can result in losses of life, property, Remote Sens. EExxttrreemmee wwaavvee cclliimmaattee vvaarriiaabbiilliittyy uunnddeerr aa wwaarrmmiinngg cclliimmaattee hhaass bbeeeenn tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt ooff mmaannyy iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonnss [[88––1100]]. [[1144]] ppeerrffoorrmmeeddaannuummereirciaclasltsutduydyofowf iwndinwdawveasvdesurdiunrginthgretherTeCe TevCenetvseinntsthienntohrethneorrnthEeCrnS;EthCeSw; tihnedwfieinldd field was constructed using the Holland parametric model [15] with TC best-track data as the input, Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2464 was constructed using the Holland parametric model [15] with TC best-track data as the input, and the simulated wind speeds and wave heights were both in good agreement with in-situ measurements. The historical change in the TC-induced extreme wind waves in the northern ECS, during the period 1979 to 2018, was analyzed.
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