Increasing diversity in cardiothoracic surgery: First-generation medical students

Abstract

Central MessageFirst-generation college-graduate medical students offer traits and contributions for better health care in cardiothoracic surgery. Those who are interested in the field may face several obstacles.PerspectiveThis article illustrates the unique challenges of first-generation college-graduate medical students and provides recommendations for these students and cardiothoracic surgery residency programs to overcome some barriers that limit the diversity within the field of cardiothoracic surgery.See Commentaries on pages 294 and 295. First-generation college-graduate medical students offer traits and contributions for better health care in cardiothoracic surgery. Those who are interested in the field may face several obstacles. This article illustrates the unique challenges of first-generation college-graduate medical students and provides recommendations for these students and cardiothoracic surgery residency programs to overcome some barriers that limit the diversity within the field of cardiothoracic surgery. See Commentaries on pages 294 and 295. First-generation college-graduate medical students are those whose parents have not earned a postsecondary undergraduate degree (including associates, bachelor's, master's, or doctorate).1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar The mountain is steep and the climb is daunting for first-generation college graduates attending medical school, who will be termed first-generation medical students for this commentary. Up to 20% of medical students are first-generation and half of them are underrepresented minorities (URM).1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar,2Mason First-generation medical student wellness in the United States: a cross-sectional snapshot.J Best Pract Health Prof Divers. 2019; 11: 96-106Google Scholar These individuals find that the challenges they encountered in college persist as they progress to medical school. These may include racial/ethnic discrimination, lack of work–life balance, difficulties with studying and time management, financial insecurity, feelings of imposter syndrome, and the fear of failure.1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar Despite these challenges, first-generation medical students have noteworthy qualities to offer to the field of cardiothoracic (CT) surgery. The training and lifestyle within this field requires resilience, grit, and the ability to overcome adversity. Having overcome the challenges of entering postsecondary school (eg, acquiring cultural and academic capital and finding support or mentorship), first-generation medical students have developed resilience and a growth mindset. Alvarado and colleagues3Alvarado A. Spatariu A. Woodbury C. Resilience and emotional intelligence between first generation college students and non-first generation college students.Focus Coll Univ School. 2017; 11: 1-10Google Scholar performed a questionnaire among first-generation college students and their counterparts, which included the Brief Resilience Scale to qualitatively measure level of resilience. The study found that first-generation college students were more resilient than their counterparts.3Alvarado A. Spatariu A. Woodbury C. Resilience and emotional intelligence between first generation college students and non-first generation college students.Focus Coll Univ School. 2017; 11: 1-10Google Scholar Further, a cited study by Schneider and colleagues4Schneide T.R. Lyons J.B. Khazon S. Emotional intelligence and resilience.Pers Individ Dif. 2013; 55: 909-914Google Scholar demonstrated that emotional intelligence directly enhances thinking, problem solving, and creativity in these individuals. These qualities can augment a growth mindset, where talents or skills can be developed by hard work, resilience, accepting feedback, and learning and growing from experiences, subsequently allowing for a more positive affect.3Alvarado A. Spatariu A. Woodbury C. Resilience and emotional intelligence between first generation college students and non-first generation college students.Focus Coll Univ School. 2017; 11: 1-10Google Scholar These traits are helpful for CT surgeons faced with long hours, difficult and taxing surgical procedures, and the management of patients with complex cardiothoracic conditions. Empathy, cultural competence, and an insight into health and health care disparities are also valuable qualities of first-generation medical students.1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar A first-generation medical student described an experience in an article published by the Association of American Medical Colleges.5Association of American Medical Colleges Finding success as a first-generation medical student.https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/finding-success-first-generation-medical-studentDate accessed: May 5, 2021Google Scholar Addressed are the striking reflections of herself and her family members in patients when they share their stories with her. She attributed her empathy and cultural competence to her background.5Association of American Medical Colleges Finding success as a first-generation medical student.https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/finding-success-first-generation-medical-studentDate accessed: May 5, 2021Google Scholar In clinical settings, first-generation students often think of their family members who are foreign to the English language and/or the medical field, and the anxiety, distrust, and fear that comes along with it. This acknowledgment shapes the way they approach patient care, prioritizing patient trust, comfort, understanding, wellness, and medical treatment. Saha and colleagues6Saha S. Guiton G. Wimmers P.F. Wilkerson L. Student body racial and ethnic composition and diversity-related outcomes in US medical schools.JAMA. 2008; 300: 1135-1145Google Scholar found that students in more diverse US medical schools feel more prepared to care for minority populations (61.1% vs 53.9%; P < .001) and are more likely to advocate for equitable access to care (54.8% vs 44.2%; P < .001), compared with students in less-diverse medical schools. URM students are also more likely to include serving underserved populations in their future career goals (P < .001), compared with White/non-White and non-URM students.6Saha S. Guiton G. Wimmers P.F. Wilkerson L. Student body racial and ethnic composition and diversity-related outcomes in US medical schools.JAMA. 2008; 300: 1135-1145Google Scholar As Romero and colleagues1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar expressed, first-generation medical students “frequently consider their academic pursuits in the context of others, with personal accounts of setting aside personal interests for the greater good.” These are admirable qualities in a successful CT surgeon because many studies have shown that quality of care scores that include caring behavior, competence, communication, and anticipation of needs are independent predictors of survival in patients with lung cancer, for example.7Doering L.V. McGuire A.W. Rourke D. Recovering from cardiac surgery: what patients want you to know.Am J Crit Care. 2002; 11: 333-343Google Scholar,8Subramanian M. Kozower B.D. Brown L.M. Khullar O.V. Fernandez F.G. Patient-reported outcomes in cardiothoracic surgery.Ann Thorac Surg. 2019; 107: 294-301Google Scholar Recent research has focused on the health care disparities experienced by minorities and women due to implicit bias and unique symptom presentations not widely comprehended by the medical community.9Corsini E.M. Olive J. Antonoff M.B. The current status and importance of diversity in cardiothoracic surgery.Curr Surg Rep. 2020; 8: 19Google Scholar For example, African Americans are 30% less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention and 40% less likely to receive coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.10Gomez L.E. Bernet P. Diversity improves performance and outcomes.J Natl Med Assoc. 2019; 111: 383-392Google Scholar These research results have since spurred a push for more diverse health care teams because it has been shown to improve care. Varying perspectives from a diverse health care team influence patient care delivery and patients' perspective of their treatment.1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar Recent studies have found that the presence of greater diversity improves the accuracy of clinical decision making. This in turn leads to better patient satisfaction and health outcomes. This is done not only by providing variety in perspectives and skills, but also by “facilitating friction that enhances deliberation and upends conformity that results in better risk assessment.”10Gomez L.E. Bernet P. Diversity improves performance and outcomes.J Natl Med Assoc. 2019; 111: 383-392Google Scholar Future efforts in diversifying health care teams can be made to include first-generation medical students. Knowing these benefits, the field of CT surgery is not as diverse as it could be. From 2007 to 2017, female CT surgeons increased from 3.8% to 7.0%.9Corsini E.M. Olive J. Antonoff M.B. The current status and importance of diversity in cardiothoracic surgery.Curr Surg Rep. 2020; 8: 19Google Scholar From 2000 to 2013, the ratio of White to non-White CT surgeons decreased from 4.15 to 2.76.9Corsini E.M. Olive J. Antonoff M.B. The current status and importance of diversity in cardiothoracic surgery.Curr Surg Rep. 2020; 8: 19Google Scholar Much progress has been made, but there is still a long way to go. However, amidst these diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts, the literature on the characteristics and needs of first-generation medical students endeavoring to enter CT surgery remains sparse. What are the barriers to increasing diversity, especially with first-generation medical students? The following sections will examine the challenges faced by this community and outline practical solutions. Recent efforts have pushed for more diversity, equity, and inclusion nationwide. These efforts have proved to be especially fruitful in CT surgery. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Diversity and Inclusion have worked to initiate programming to address practice gaps.9Corsini E.M. Olive J. Antonoff M.B. The current status and importance of diversity in cardiothoracic surgery.Curr Surg Rep. 2020; 8: 19Google Scholar In addition, the American Association for Thoracic Surgeons and Women in Thoracic Surgery groups collaborated to hold the annual Leadership Academy that helps minorities in the field climb the academic leadership ladder. All 3 of these national societies offer scholarships to expose students to mentors, and many initiatives have started to provide funded scholarships to URM students to explore the field. However, although half of first-generation medical students are URM, efforts have discounted the other half: Students who are not URM, but still considered first-generation. These students may experience some of the same disadvantages and experiences and are not equally advocated for in these efforts. A uniform definition with consistency in diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts and a more focused effort in understanding this community are needed to address this problem. The definition we propose is a medical student whose parents have not earned a postsecondary undergraduate degree, which may contribute to a lack of cultural, academic, and financial capital. Further, pursuing medical education has become a costly feat. Medical school tuition has increased 750% since the 1960s, costing most students more than $300,000 today.11STAT Medical schools need to lower the cost of producing doctors.https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/21/lower-cost-producing-doctors-not-just-price-medical-schoolDate accessed: May 5, 2021Google Scholar That is just medical school tuition alone, excluding the cost of study materials, room and board, and other various living expenses. Applying for away rotations and resident physician positions is expensive. Yet, many students who apply to CT surgery directly following medical school dual-apply to general surgery and integrated programs. That means twice the cost for away rotations, applications to residency programs, and programs to rank. Between 1988 and 2017, 73% to 79% of medical school matriculates came from households in the top-2 income quintiles.11STAT Medical schools need to lower the cost of producing doctors.https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/21/lower-cost-producing-doctors-not-just-price-medical-schoolDate accessed: May 5, 2021Google Scholar When compared with their counterparts, first-generation medical students are more likely to have lower annual parent incomes. In 2002, 27% reported <$20,000 (vs 6%), whereas 50% reported between $20,001 and $50,000 (vs 23%).1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar Further, first-generation medical students report higher levels of stress, fatigue, and financial worries, as well as lower quality of life and social support ratings.1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar The high price of attending medical school contributes to medical students avoiding lower-paying specialties, such as primary care, or specialties with a long training course with resident salary, such as CT surgery. Addressing these financial challenges may help alleviate barriers for these students. Scholarship efforts must expand to include all first-generation students, including female and URM students who fit the definition. Scholarships must be broken down into 3 categories: financial support, research, and mentorship. Financial aid scholarships should help defray the cost of exploring or applying to CT surgery. These scholarships may be based on demonstrated financial need, and help lower the cost of applying to and ranking residency programs. Specific scholarships that either offer funded clinical away rotations during students' third or fourth year of medical school or funded part-time research job opportunities will help students explore the field. National societal scholarships could be initiated to match first-generation medical students with first-generation mentors, or mentors that are well versed in the challenges uniquely faced by these students. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery have provided these types of opportunities to all medical students and residents with their Looking to the Future and Member for a Day Scholarships, respectively. These suggested opportunities will facilitate the mentorship needed to be well prepared for residency applications and beyond. What are their specific roles? The introduction of mentor scholarship opportunities would specifically aim to provide frequent (quarterly) check-ins, which would be geared toward goal-tracking, work–life balance, financial literacy, and navigating the practices of higher education that are not intuitive to first-generation medical students. Current medical students believe that a career in CT surgery will not provide adequate time for family and life activities, with a lack of work–life balance.11STAT Medical schools need to lower the cost of producing doctors.https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/21/lower-cost-producing-doctors-not-just-price-medical-schoolDate accessed: May 5, 2021Google Scholar Further, students perceived CT surgeons as having disagreeable personalities. These perceptions may be especially important for first-generation medical students, who may prioritize their family and work–life balance. Past literature has found that earlier interest, exposure, or recruitment efforts may result in improved perception of the field and a greater influence in successful conversion.13Sood V. Reddy R.M. An analysis of preclinical students' perceptions of cardiothoracic surgical procedures.Ann Thorac Surg. 2012; 94: 800-806Google Scholar Unfortunately, 75% of preclinical medical students have had no exposure to CT surgery, and as low as 21% of medical students were aware of the integrated training pathway.12Coyan G.N. Kilic A. Gleason T.G. Schuchert M.J. Luketich J.D. Okusanya O. et al.Medical student perceptions of a career in cardiothoracic surgery: results of an institutional survey.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 159: 1906-1912Google Scholar, 13Sood V. Reddy R.M. An analysis of preclinical students' perceptions of cardiothoracic surgical procedures.Ann Thorac Surg. 2012; 94: 800-806Google Scholar, 14Kilcoyne M.F. Do-Nguyen C.C. Han J.J. Coyan G.N. Sultan I. Roberts M.B. et al.Clinical exposure to cardiothoracic surgery for medical students and general surgery residents.J Surg Educ. 2020; 77: 1646-1653Google Scholar Medical students also have fewer opportunities for elective clinical rotations on CT surgery compared with other surgical specialties.14Kilcoyne M.F. Do-Nguyen C.C. Han J.J. Coyan G.N. Sultan I. Roberts M.B. et al.Clinical exposure to cardiothoracic surgery for medical students and general surgery residents.J Surg Educ. 2020; 77: 1646-1653Google Scholar Navigating the challenges in gaining exposure to CT surgery, while lacking cultural capital, is difficult. Cultural capital is defined as “knowledge, skills, education, and other advantages a person has that make the educational system a comfortable, familiar environment in which [a student] can succeed easily.”1Romero R. Miotto K. Casillas A. Sanford J. Understanding the experiences of first-generation medical students: implications for a diverse physician workforce.Acad Psychiatry. 2020; 44: 467-470Google Scholar The lack of cultural capital among many first-generation medical students creates a barrier to getting this population adequately educated or interested in the field. Programs aimed at increasing education regarding the field of CT surgery are necessary for this population. Women in Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Black Academic Surgeons, for example, are organizations designed to enhance educational opportunities, advance science, and provide mentorship for women, African Americans, and other underrepresented minority surgeons. Due to the limited number of first-generation medical students interested in CT surgery, a nationwide first-generation group would be more effective than regional or local groups. With similar goals to Women in Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Black Academic Surgeons, a first-generation national society should be designed to mentor, provide educational opportunities, assist with career development, and increase the number of first-generation CT surgeons. This will, in effect, create a safe space for first-generation students, amplify their presence, and foster a robust environment to increase understanding and interest in CT surgery. As a start, this initiative could be created as a committee of the Thoracic Surgery Medical Student Association. The residency application process was not made for the first-generation medical student. Financial dilemmas aside, many metrics disadvantage these students. The first item that a residency selection committee sees on an application is the individual's name. However, Esmail and colleagues15Esmail A. Everington S. Racial discrimination against doctors from ethnic minorities.BMJ. 1993; 306: 691-692Google Scholar found that if the same application was sent to physician job postings with an English name versus an Asian name, English applicants were twice as likely to be offered the job. Further, first-generation medical students experience stereotype threat more than their counterparts (P = .014).16Ackerman-Barger K. Valderama-Wallace C. Latimore D. Drake C. Stereotype threat susceptibility among minority health professions students.J Best Pract Health Prof Divers. 2016; 9: 1232-1246Google Scholar They have associated their status in negatively stereotyped groups with increased anxiety in regard to clinical rotation performance, standardized tests, and writing skills (P < .001), all of which are important aspects of the residency application process. Another important aspect is extracurricular activities in medical school. However, Seay and colleagues17Seay S.E. Lifton D.E. Wuensch K.L. Bradshaw L.K. McDowelle J.O. First-generation graduate students and attrition risks.J Continu Higher Educ. 2008; 56: 11-25Google Scholar found that first-generation students are more likely to drop out due to a lack of engagement with on-campus activities and lack of interaction outside of the classroom with faculty and mentors. Many first-generation students acknowledge that this can be explained by the need to work to support family members. These limitations must be considered during the residency selection process. In CT surgery, half of integrated applicants decide to pursue a career before or during their preclinical years of medical school.18Smood B. Nguyen S.N. Kelly J.J. Han J.J. Integrated cardiothoracic surgery: developing a successful residency application.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 160: 167-174Google Scholar A strong, well-rounded application is crucial to successfully match. Successful applicants listed mentorship (89%), previous clinical exposure (98%), and research experience (72%) as being important factors in pursuing their career path.18Smood B. Nguyen S.N. Kelly J.J. Han J.J. Integrated cardiothoracic surgery: developing a successful residency application.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 160: 167-174Google Scholar To compete for the highly competitive residency spots in integrated programs, students must align their research, clinical rotations, standardized testing, and mentorship goals early.12Coyan G.N. Kilic A. Gleason T.G. Schuchert M.J. Luketich J.D. Okusanya O. et al.Medical student perceptions of a career in cardiothoracic surgery: results of an institutional survey.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 159: 1906-1912Google Scholar The lack of cultural capital of first-generation medical students leads to an absence of knowledge of various educational pathways, such as the integrated 4 + 3, versus traditional pathways.3Alvarado A. Spatariu A. Woodbury C. Resilience and emotional intelligence between first generation college students and non-first generation college students.Focus Coll Univ School. 2017; 11: 1-10Google Scholar It can also affect knowledge surrounding how the residency application process works, study habits, university resources, research opportunities, and psychological and emotional strategies to overcome challenges.3Alvarado A. Spatariu A. Woodbury C. Resilience and emotional intelligence between first generation college students and non-first generation college students.Focus Coll Univ School. 2017; 11: 1-10Google Scholar But these students could gain cultural capital throughout medical school and residency and then apply through the traditional pathway, right? For those pursuing cardiothoracic surgery through the traditional route (after general surgery training), there is a general lack of exposure to cardiac surgery cases because only 4% of total residency cases are considered CT surgeries and of those, only 7.3% are cardiac cases.14Kilcoyne M.F. Do-Nguyen C.C. Han J.J. Coyan G.N. Sultan I. Roberts M.B. et al.Clinical exposure to cardiothoracic surgery for medical students and general surgery residents.J Surg Educ. 2020; 77: 1646-1653Google Scholar To combat the stereotype threat previously mentioned, a holistic review of the residency application by residency selection committees is recommended. After the initial screening process, this can be done by blinding applicants' names, photos, medical school names, and board scores to decrease discrimination and emphasis on the application aspects that may have stereotype threat. Further, it is recommended to consider work experiences in its context with equal importance as volunteer, leadership, and research experiences. This recommendation may benefit applicants beyond those who identify as first-generation medical students. As mentioned previously, the cost of medical education is costly and first-generation medical students are more likely to come from lower-income households. Financial literacy and wealth are major concerns among this group, which may subsequently lead to insufficient financial planning and funds for residency applications (an average cost of $3500).19Walling A. Nilsen K. Callaway P. Grothusen J. Gillenwater C. King S. et al.Student expenses in residency interviewing.Kans J Med. 2017; 10: 1-15Google Scholar To tackle this issue, residency programs may consider continuing, at least partially, with the virtual format of the interview process and provide the same background templates for all interviewees. This would create an equitable field and significantly reduce the financial burden. Further, residency programs can directly support first-generation medical students in many ways. They can address feelings of inadequacy by offering counseling services that address life and financial stressors, self-preservation strategies, work–life balance, life-changing events, and mental health and wellness. Specifically, enrichment programs tailored to first-generation students that offer career guidance, tutoring, financial aid information, and/or college adjustment workshops may be initiated at graduate institutions. For example, America Needs You is a nonprofit that seeks to help economically disadvantaged first-generation students reach their potential through mentored and career development programs. Although targeting first-generation medical students is not the only way to increase diversity because some of these challenges could be shared by doctor of osteopathy students, foreign medical graduates, and those of different religion, gender, and sexual identities, it is a start. By identifying some barriers, solutions can be continually created to provide insight into strategies of success, decrease potential attrition, and ensure the continual recruitment of the best and the brightest into the field of CT surgery (Table 1) .Table 1Recommendations for increasing diversity in cardiothoracic surgery with first-generation college-graduate medical studentsChallengeAdvice for studentsRecommendations for residency programsInconsistent definition of first-generationFirst-generation medical student: A medical student whose parents have not earned a postsecondary undergraduate degree, which may contribute to a lack of cultural, academic, and financial capitalFinancial insecurity1.Do your own research2.Talk to school financial advisors3.Make a budget and have it reviewed by financially literate individuals on a quarterly basisIncrease inclusive funded scholarships1.Need-based scholarships to help apply for and rank residency programs2.Funded clinical away rotation programs for third- /fourth-year medical students3.Funded programs for mentorship and exposure4.Funded part-time research job opportunitiesTraining reputation and lack of cultural capital1.Find mentors through various societal conferences (ie, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery)2.Talk to residents of cardiothoracic surgery training programsIncrease education regarding the field of cardiothoracic surgery1.Start of a nationwide first-generation medical student society in cardiothoracic surgery2.Create a first-generation committee of the Thoracic Surgery Medical Student AssociationDiscriminative residency application process1.Plan early to learn about the residency application process2.Talk to the program directors at schools of interest to get insight on the process3.Budget early for the finances of away rotations and applicationsMake the process first-generation friendly1.Blinding of application for residency selection committees2.Funding for the application process3.Continuation of virtual interviews, with provided background templates4.Interview workshops for applicants to provide advice, and residency selection committees to provide unconscious bias trainingPersonal well-being1.Create healthy habits/hobbies and make them a priority2.Find a supportive network (ie, family, friends, significant other)3.Prioritize rest and relaxationPromote personal wellness1.Finances and budgeting workshops2.Health and wellness seminars3.Mandatory personal wellness day(s) Open table in a new tab First-generation medical students exhibit many of the traits necessary for success in CT surgery. However, those who are interested in or applying to the field face unique challenges. Understanding these challenges and creating initiatives to support first-generation medical students will ensure we continue to recruit the best and the brightest, and enhance patient care in the field of CT surgery.