Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is an organ-specific disorder due to the interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors expressed abundantly on monocytes. There is a paucity of data on TLR expression in AITD. The aim of this study was to examine TLR expression, activation, ligands, and downstream signaling adaptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) extracted from untreated AITD patients and healthy controls. We isolated PBMC of 30 healthy controls, 36 patients with untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 30 patients with newly onset Graves' disease. TLR mRNA, protein expression, TLR ligands, and TLR adaptor molecules were measured using real-time PCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PBMC was simulated with TLR agonists. The effects of TLR agonists on the viability of human PBMC were evaluated using the MTT assay. The supernatants of cell cultures were measured for the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 by ELISA. TLR2, TLR3, TLR9, and TLR10 mRNA were significantly increased in AITD patients compared with controls. TLR2, TLR3, TLR9, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and RAGE expression on monocytes was higher in patients than control at baseline and TLR agonists' stimulation. The release of TNF-α and IL-6 was significantly increased in PBMCs from AITD patients with TLR agonists, while IL-10 was significantly decreased. Downstream targets of TLR, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and myeloid toll/IL-1 receptor-domain containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β were significantly elevated in AITD patients. Levels of TLR2 ligands, HMGB1, and heat shock protein 60 were significantly elevated in AITD patients compared with those in controls and positively correlated with TgAb and TPOAb, while sRAGE concentration was significantly decreased in AITD patients. This work is the first to show that TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 expression and activation are elevated in the PBMCs of patients with AITD and TLRs may participate in the pathogenesis of AITD.
Highlights
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which includes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) [1], is an organspecific autoimmune condition that affects approximately 2–3% of the population in China
Results are expressed as percentages of CD14+ TLR2+, CD14+ TLR3+, CD14+ TLR9+ cells, CD14+ high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)+, and CD14+ receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)+
Interleukin-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were examined in the supernatants of the cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in AITD patients and healthy subjects after Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonist stimulation using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (R&D, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions
Summary
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which includes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) [1], is an organspecific autoimmune condition that affects approximately 2–3% of the population in China. TLRs recognize conserved molecules termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which act as ligands of specific TLR-induced signal transduction pathways [6], resulting in the activation of innate immune response and the release of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TLRs can bind to certain endogenous molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the innate immune response. TLRs recruit downstream adaptor molecules, including toll/IL-1 receptor-domain containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), resulting in signaling pathway activation and in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α [15]
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