Increased risk of cardiovascular events in the weeks following hospitalised COPD exacerbations: the EXACOS-CV French nationwide case-crossover study

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Previous studies indicate that in people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) decompensation, arrhythmias and ischemic stroke increases following a COPD exacerbation. This association has not been explored for detailed types of cardiovascular events (CVE), namely for different types of myocardial infarction. Objective To quantify the risk of CVE following a COPD exacerbation overall, and by detailed type of CVE. Methods A case-crossover study was conducted using the French national hospital discharge database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information, PMSI). Case-patients: (i) were aged≥40 years with a COPD diagnosis; (ii) hospitalised in 2018-2019 for CVE; (iii) experienced the CVE within 24 weeks of a hospitalised exacerbation of COPD. Hospitalisation date for CVE was index date. Conditional logistic regression models estimated the association between a hospitalised exacerbation and CVE (overall and by type of CVE) – expressed as odds ratios (OR) – comparing the odds of a hospitalised COPD exacerbation during the risk period (4 weeks prior to index date) versus control periods (9-24 weeks prior to index date). Results Among 122,172 patients with COPD hospitalised for a severe CVE in 2018-2019, 9,840 (8%) had a hospitalised exacerbation of COPD in the prior 24 weeks and qualified as case-patients. Mean age was 76.8 years (SD 10.7); 6,496 (66%) were male. The most frequent CVE were decompensated heart failure (n=5,888, 60%) and acute coronary syndrome (n=1,070, 11%); in-hospital death in the 24 weeks following an exacerbation of COPD occurred in 950 (10%) patients. Median time elapsed between hospitalised exacerbation and CVE (any type) was 43 days (Figure 1); the shortest delays were observed for non-STEMI (24 days) and resuscitated cardiac arrest (28 days). Risk of CVE in the 4 weeks following a hospitalised COPD exacerbation was 3-times the risk in the 9-24 weeks post-exacerbation (OR 3.0; 95%CI 2.9-3.2 – Figure 2). This increase in risk was observed for each individual type of CVE. The highest effect size was observed for non-STEMI (OR 5.3; 95%CI 4.5-6.3). Conclusion The risk of CVE substantially increases following a hospitalised exacerbation of COPD overall and for all types of CVE (acute ischemic events, arrhythmias, and heart failure decompensation). The first month following a hospitalised exacerbation is a period of vulnerability for people living with COPD, with some variability in the magnitude and temporality of risk increase according to the type of CVE. These results stress the need for immediate and sustained monitoring of exacerbating COPD patients to prevent a subsequent severe cardiac event. In addition, exacerbations prevention is an essential target of COPD treatment.