Abstract
Malaria control is dependent on insecticides. Increases in prevalence of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors across Africa are well-documented. However, few attempts have been made to quantify the strength of this resistance and link it to the effectiveness of control tools. Using quantitative bioassays, we show that in Burkina Faso pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes has increased in intensity in recent years and now exceeds 1,000-fold. In laboratory assays, this level of resistance renders insecticides used to impregnate bed nets ineffective. Thus, the level of personal and community protection afforded by long-lasting insecticide-treated net campaigns will probably be reduced. Standardized methods are needed to quantify resistance levels in malaria vectors and link these levels to failure of vector control methods.
Highlights
Bioassays allow for the detection and characterization of insecticide resistance in a vector population
If a predominant species is detected, consider this the species tested, and the results of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay can be considered adequate for the predominant species
Rotate while rocking the bottle gently so that the sides all the way around are coated (Figure 5); 11 Guideline for Evaluating Insecticide Resistance in Vectors Using the CDC Bottle Bioassay j) Repeat this for all the test bottles; k) Remove the caps and continue rolling bottles on their side until all visible signs of the liquid are gone from inside and the bottles are completely dry (Figure 6); l) Leave bottles on their sides and cover with something that will keep them protected from light; m) If bottles are not used right away, store bottles in a dark place with the caps off to avoid moisture build-up
Summary
Bioassays allow for the detection and characterization of insecticide resistance in a vector population. This guideline will describe the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay, a tool for detecting resistance to insecticides. The information provided by this bioassay, combined with results of bioassays using synergists and those of biochemical and molecular assays, can assist in determining mechanisms associated with resistance. Information derived from the CDC bottle bioassay may provide initial evidence that an insecticide is losing its effectiveness. This methodology should be considered for routine use even before an insecticide is considered, and procured, for vector control. The CDC bottle bioassay can be performed on vector populations collected from the field or on those reared in an insectary from larval field collections. For the purposes of this guideline, mosquitoes will be used as an example
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