Increased prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

<p style="text-align:justify">This paper presents an investigation that aims to: 1) explore the relations between core symptoms of adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and several typical Internet activities, and 2) compare the predictive power of two core symptoms of ADHD- inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity- in predicting Internet addiction. Methods: A total of 2016 Chinese college students participated in this study. The ADHD symptoms were assessed using Conners self-rating scales and DSM-5 semi-structured interviews. Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (SCID-5) was used to exclude other psychiatric disorders. Chen’s Internet addiction scale (CIAS) was used to evaluate Internet addiction. Information about Internet activities (e.g., online gaming) was collected through a self-constructed questionnaire. Results: The ratio of Internet addiction problems among individuals with ADHD symptoms is significantly higher than in ordinary individuals (48.9% vs. 14.3%). Further, each core ADHD symptom has unique relations with different types of Internet activities. Specifically, both core ADHD symptoms are negatively associated with information downloading and online learning, and positively associated with online gaming, while online shopping is only associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. Furthermore, both core ADHD symptoms are significant predictors of Internet addiction, especially inattention. Conclusion: College students with ADHD symptoms are at a higher risk of having Internet addiction than peers without ADHD symptoms. For individuals with ADHD symptoms and excessive online gaming and/or online shopping behaviors, the probability of having Internet addiction is even higher. These findings have important implications for identifying risk factors of Internet addiction and preventing Internet addiction in Higher Education settings.</p>

Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to experience peer problems compared to their non-ADHD peers, though ADHD-specific symptoms only partially explain this association. This study examined whether sleep difficulties and motor coordination problems are additional predictors of peer problems in an ADHD population. An ADHD sample of 72 participants aged 6-14years (M=9.86years, SD=1.79years) was evaluated for an association of peer problems with measures of motor coordination, sleep difficulties as well as ADHD and comorbidity symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMRA) was used to test the current study aims. Motor coordination, but not sleep difficulties, predicted additional variance in peer problems after controlling for inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalizing problems, oppositionality, and conduct problems. Poor motor coordination predicts peer problems beyond ADHD symptoms. Clinicians seeking to improve peer functioning in children with ADHD should also consider motor coordination difficulties in addition to existing treatment strategies. Statement of contribution What is already known Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience greater peer problems (i.e., making friends, being victimized, participating in play) than their typically developing peers. Previous studies have attributed this association between ADHD and peer problems to the symptoms of ADHD (i.e., inattention and/or hyperactivity) disrupting the typical trajectory of social development. However, quantitative studies have identified that symptoms of ADHD predict only portion of the variance in a child's peer problems - highlighting that there may be other unique factors that contribute to the higher incidence of peer problems typically observed in this population. What this study adds This study tested whether additional theoretically relevant factors could predict levels of peer problems in children with ADHD beyond the primary symptoms of the disorder. Internalizing symptomatology, conduct problems, oppositionality, motor coordination, and sleep difficulties were added to a regression model already including inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. These factors explained 51% of the variability in peer problems. In this sample of 72 ADHD children, the results of the final model highlighted that only motor coordination and conduct problems remained significant predictors of peer problems - highlighting two potentially important target areas for screening and intervention.

A high proportion of children with Attention problems (ADHD) experience motor competence problems. The present study sought to compare the motor competence between a group of ADHD students and a normative sample before and after controlling for motor coordination problems, and check if there are differences between the group with ADHD and the group with DT, depending on the presence or not of the DCD concurrent with the ADHD.
 A total of 22 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT; 12–13 years, SD 0.7, 16 males, 6 females) and 23 age-matched typically developing children with no movement difficulties (12-13 years, SD 0.7 16 males, 7 females) participated in this study. Motor coordination was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition (MABC-2). ADHD symptoms were assessed by the school’s Department of Psychology.The ADHD diagnosis is based on diagnostic criteria established by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and the application of the following behavioral scales and evaluation of executive functions have been followed: Child Behavior Checklist for ages; Behavior Ratting Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF); Scales for the Evaluation of ADHD (EDAH). Based on the MABC-2 score (percentile score ≤ 5th), ADHD children were classified into two groups: co-occurring DCD/ADHD and ADHD group. Results showed that children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children showed big individual differences on all motor skill areas and on overall percentile scores. Thirteen children with ADHD were delayed, and three were at risk for motor delays. Only four TD children were at risk for motor delays. DCD/ADHD group scored significantly lower than the TD group across all motor skill areas, while ADHD group scored lower than the TD group only on manual dexterity.

Frontiers Events is a rapidly growing calendar management system dedicated to the scheduling of academic events. This includes announcements and invitations, participant listings and search functionality, abstract handling and publication, related events and post-event exchanges. Whether an organizer or participant, make your event a Frontiers Event!

Prenatal Omega-6:Omega-3 Ratio and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms

We studied the associations between polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and (1) ADHD symptoms in 5-year-old children, (2) sleep duration throughout childhood, and (3) the interaction between PRS for ADHD and short sleep duration relative to ADHD symptoms at 5 years. This study is based on the population-based CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort (N = 1420 children). PRS was used to quantitate the genetic risk for ADHD. Parent-reported ADHD symptoms at 5 years were obtained from 714 children, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Five-to-Fifteen (FTF). Our primary outcomes were SDQ-hyperactivity and FTF-ADHD total scores. Parent-reported sleep duration was measured at 3, 8, 18, 24 months, and 5 years in the whole sample and actigraphy-based sleep duration at 2 and 24 months in a subsample. PRS for ADHD associated with SDQ-hyperactivity (β = 0.214, p = .012) and FTF-ADHD total (β = 0.639, p = .011), and FTF-inattention and hyperactivity subscale scores (β = 0.315, p = .017 and β = 0.324, p = .030), but not with sleep duration at any time point. Significant interactions were found between high PRS for ADHD and parent-reported short sleep throughout childhood in FTF-ADHD total score (F = 4.28, p = .039) and FTF-inattention subscale (F = 4.66, p = .031). We did not find any significant interaction between high PRS for ADHD and actigraphy-based short sleep. Parent-reported short sleep moderates the association between genetic risk of ADHD and ADHD symptoms in early childhood in the general population, so that children with short sleep, in combination with high genetic risk for ADHD, could be at highest risk for ADHD symptoms.

Recent studies have substantially enhanced our understanding of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in entrepreneurship—articulating the theoretical relevance of ADHD-type traits in entrepreneurship and confirming the positive linkages between ADHD symptoms/diagnosis and entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. However, how and why some people with ADHD symptoms run successful ventures, while other entrepreneurs fail to perform well, is still not well established. Our study builds on a Gestalt perspective that integrates person–environment fit and broaden-and-build theorizing, and proposes that strong positive emotions enable entrepreneurs with ADHD symptoms (at the subclinical level) to mitigate/reinforce the effect of ADHD’s trait-specific weaknesses/strengths to achieve entrepreneurial performance. Relying on fuzzy-set methodology, our findings indicate that for entrepreneurs with ADHD symptoms, entrepreneurial performance occurs when they simultaneously experience passion for founding and developing. This passion configuration is unique to successful ADHD-type entrepreneurs. As such, this study offers novel theoretical and empirical insights as well as implications for practitioners.Plain English Summary Do people with ADHD perform well in entrepreneurship? Our research shows how ADHD symptoms relate to entrepreneurial performance finding that passion is important. Entrepreneurs who are highly and thereby ambidextrously passionate for growing their businesses and for founding activities while lacking intense positive feelings for coming up with new ideas can benefit from ADHD. These results are important for people with ADHD and their loved ones.

Objectives: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tobacco smoking start in near same developmental life stages and are highly comorbid disorders. Little research has focused on this comorbidity and its correlates, especially in the Arab world. This study aimed to find the relation between tobacco smoking and ADHD symptoms and to understand how ADHD profile can affect its persistence. Materials and Methods: We recruited our sample from fifth year medical students attending their psychiatry undergraduate training program at the Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. All attending students for 3 rounds were approached and asked to participate. All candidates were above 20 years old and from both sexes. For the purpose of this study, tobacco smoking included cigarettes, water pipe (sheesha), Cigar, and/or pipe smoking. All the participants were assessed using 1, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); 2, The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS); 3, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); 4, Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (SCQ-A). Results: An overall 12.7% had symptoms of ADHD. Participants who were tobacco smokers and had symptoms of ADHD showed nicotine dependence scores higher than the non-ADHD symptom smokers. There was significant correlation between ASRS inattention and hyperactive-impulsive subscale scores and FTND scores (P=0.003 and 0.04), respectively. Moreover, there were statistically significant correlations between ASRS scores and smoking outcome variables with P-value of ≤0.00. Conclusion: ADHD symptoms were correlated to adult tobacco smoking outcome variables, providing further evidence of a likely link between ADHD symptoms and tobacco smoking risk.

The present research is a systematic literature based study with online consultation. It intended to design a site specific DMT clinical model designed for addressing the needs of school age children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms treated by the ADHD Team at the Clinica Clorito Picado in San Jose, Costa Rica. ADHD is described as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that appears as the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. In Costa Rica, the "ADHD Team" of the Clinica Clorito Picado, a major public clinic for outpatient medical services, provides assessment and bio-psycho-social intervention for children and adolescents with ADHD and their families. However, the treatment found in this Clinic is based on the intake of medication for the children, and emotional support and education for parents. There is not a direct psycho-social treatment for the children. The ADHD Team has identified a need to deploy short-term therapeutic interventions to help these children develop the skills needed to better adapt to their environment. Since Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) incorporates interpersonal interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication, and the integration and expression of emotional conflicts in motion, it serves as a possible and effective approach to ADHD symptoms interventions. By being able to adapt techniques and interventions for specific cultural and clinical needs of this population; DMT can provide individuals the opportunity to perform and learn from the therapeutic process. The research question was stated as: which specific goals and interventions should be taken into account when developing a DMT treatment model for children with ADHD symptoms that are treated in this Clinic? The data collection was compiled by a systematic literature review and online consultation with the ADHD Team. Data was then analyzed using Garrard's Matrix Method, which was implemented to organize and synthesize the information in order to deliver the outcome of the study. A ten-week model is designed with the overall goal contributing to improvement in insight, self control, verbal and non-verbal communication, interpersonal interactions and parenting skills of school age children with ADHD symptoms and their families. Specific goals and interventions are described for each session, providing the reader with a rational for their used according with DMT theory.

Objective: In a subgroup of adult patients with a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the symptoms decrease but persist at sub-threshold levels, although not fulfilling DSM 5 criteria for ADHD. Diagnostic difficulties, chronicity of the situation and psychiatric comorbidities also increase the risk of personality disorders in this group of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relations between this subgroup of ADHD and personality characteristics in a population who did not attend a clinic for psychiatric problems. Method: Hundred and twenty two of students from different faculties of a university are included in the study. Turgay’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale is used to evaluate ADHD symptoms and Cloninger’s Character and Temperament Inventory (TCI) is used to evaluate personality characteristics. Results: Moderate levels of ADHD symptoms were present in 14.7% of cases. This group also showed statistically lower scores in cooperativeness and self-directedness in TCI with respect to students who showed low levels of ADHD symptomatology. There were also statistically significant correlations between TCI subgroups and ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: ADHD symptoms should be investigated particularly, as they are temperamental traits for the development of personality characteristics.

IntroductionThe prevalence of adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been investigated in the general population by multiple studies. However, few studies have focused on identifying its prevalence in the military population, particularly among military parents of children with ADHD.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to screen for adult ADHD among military parents of ADHD children followed-up at the child and adolescent psychiatry department in the Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Tunisia.MethodsThis prospective study was carried among military parents (one or both parents belonging to the national army) of ADHD children. Children were diagnosed with ADHD based on the 5th Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ADHD criteria and the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale. Whereas adult ADHD was screened for using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1.ResultsFifteen children and twenty-nine parents were included in the study: sixteen of the parents were military members and thirteen were civilian spouses. Eight (50%) of the sixteen military parents, and four (30,7%) of the civilian spouses were screened positive for ADHD. Whereas 73% of these children had at least one parent screened positive for ADHD, and 53% had at least one military parent screened positive for ADHD. These results suggest a high prevalence of adult ADHD among this population.ConclusionsADHD occurs in childhood and may persist into adulthood. The findings of this study indicate that ADHD symptoms are not limited to the youth and are common in military population. Implications on screening, management, preventive measures and research should be discussed.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms of inattention, and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity. In order to understand the basis for this multifaceted disorder, the investigation of sensory processing aberrancies recently reaches more interest. For example, during the processing of auditory stimuli comparable low sensory thresholds account for symptoms like higher distractibility and auditory hypersensitivity in patients with ADHD. It has further been shown that deficiencies not only exist on an intramodal, but also on a multimodal level. There is evidence that the visual cortex shows more activation during a focused auditory task in adults with ADHD than in healthy controls. This crossmodal activation is interpreted as the reallocation of more attentional resources to the visual domain as well as deficient sensory inhibition. In this study, we used, for the first time, electroencephalography to identify a potential abnormal regulated crossmodal activation in adult ADHD. 15 adult subjects with clinically diagnosed ADHD and 14 healthy controls comparable in age and gender were included. ERP components P50, P100, N100, P200 and N200 were measured during the performance of a unimodal auditory and visual discrimination task in a block design. Sensory profiles and ADHD symptoms were assessed with inattention as well as childhood ADHD scores. For evaluating intramodal and crossmodal activations, we chose four EEG channels for statistical analysis and group-wise comparison. At the occipital channel O2 that reflects possible crossmodal activations, a significantly enhanced P200 amplitude was measured in the patient group. At the intramodal channels, a significantly enhanced N200 amplitude was observed in the control group. Statistical analysis of behavioral data showed poorer performance of subjects with ADHD as well as higher discrimination thresholds. Further, the correlation of the assessed sensory profiles with the EEG parameters revealed a negative correlation between the P200 component and sensation seeking behavior. Our findings show increased auditory crossmodal activity that might reflect an altered stimulus processing resource allocation in ADHD. This might induce consequences for later, higher order attentional deployment. Further, the enhanced P200 amplitude might reflect more sensory registration and therefore deficient inhibition mechanisms in adults with ADHD.

Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development

Sirs, I read with great interest the article by Tansu et al. entitled “Adrenal axis functions in patients with familial Mediterranean fever” [1]. They reported that the response of cortisol to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients is significantly higher in the attack period when compared to that in the remission period. However, they reported that they could find no difference in terms of cortisol response in comparison with normal individuals. Based on these results, they assumed that hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is regulated normally in FMF patients. As is well known, FMF attacks are characterized by increased cytokines stimulation, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), along with brisk acute phase response [2]. FMF attacks are known to be painful and stressful. A stressful condition alone may stimulate cytokines [3]. Physiological stimuli and stressors can normally stimulate the HPA axis to produce its main glucocorticoid products. The proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are soluble products of the activated immune system, which can also stimulate the HPA axis [3]. Considering the effect of both cytokine stimulation during the attack period and exogenous administration of ACTH, significantly high cortisol response would theoretically be expected in FMF patients with attack. However, Tansu et al. could find no difference between patients stricken with FMF attacks and normal individuals in terms of cortisol response. This result may show the presence of defective HPA axis in FMF patients, which is in disagreement with the comments of the study by Tansu et al. I believe these authors can refer to some rheumatoid arthritis (RA) studies in terms of HPA axis that can help them better comment on their own study results. RA patients are characterized by normal or subnormal cortisol response to ACTH and corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) in spite of increased IL-6 levels and TNF-α [4, 5]. Based on these results, the existence of a defective HPA axis in RA patients was considered [4, 5]. We have shown early blunted cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) in FMF patients before [6]. In our study, the patients' cortisol levels to IIH were not different from those of normal control individuals in attackfree periods, which is in agreement with the results of Tansu et al. However, unlike theirs, our interval-specific delta analysis revealed a lower cortisol response to IIH in FMF patients, which was significant for the 0to 30-min interval of hypoglycaemia stimulus [6]. This may at least suggest that cortisol response during attack-free periods in FMF is blunted. Although there are not enough studies in the literature into the behavior of HPA axis in FMF patients for us to obtain solid evidence as yet, the results of these few studies could lead us to think of the presence of a defective HPA axis in FMF patients. It is a fact that further studies are needed to clarify this curious point.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood disorder that is often maintained throughout the development and persists into adulthood. Established etiology models suggest that deficient inhibition underlies the core ADHD symptoms. While experimental evidence for impaired motor inhibition is overwhelming, little is known about the sensory inhibition processes, their changes throughout the development, and the relationship to ADHD symptoms. Here, we used the well-established binocular rivalry (BR) paradigm to investigate for the very first time the inhibitory processes related to visual perception in adults with ADHD. In BR, perception alternates between two dichoptically presented images throughout the viewing period, with shorter dominant percept durations and longer transition periods indicating poorer suppression/inhibition. Healthy controls (N = 28) and patients with ADHD (N = 32) were presented with two dissimilar images (orthogonal gratings) separately to each eye through a mirror stereoscope and asked to report their perceptual experiences. There were no differences between groups in any of the BR markers. However, an association between transition durations and symptom severity emerged in the ADHD group. Importantly, an exploratory multiple regression analysis revealed that inattention symptoms were the sole predictor for the duration of transition periods. The lack of impairments to sensory inhibition in adult, but not pediatric ADHD may reflect compensatory changes associated with development, while a correlation between inhibition and inattention symptoms may reveal an invariant core of the disorder.