Abstract
PurposeThe nutritional changes that have accompanied the modernization of Japanese dietary patterns have led to significant increases in the number of people who are overweight or obese. This study aimed to clarify the effects of these nutritional changes on postprandial energy expenditure and the release of metabolism-regulating hormones.MethodsThe total daily energy content (20 % breakfast, 40 % lunch, and 40 % dinner) and macronutrient composition (carbohydrate/fat/protein) was 8807.3 kJ and 364.3:30.1:66.4 (g) for the traditional test diet and 9217.6 kJ and 331.7:66.1:76.9 (g) for the modern test diet. In experiment 1, nine healthy Japanese men participated in a crossover study during which they ingested a test diet comprising three meals; postprandial blood parameters were measured after each meal. In experiment 2, another ten men participated in a crossover study during which they ingested 2 meals, after which metabolic responses and blood variables were evaluated.ResultsThe modern diet induced greater blood levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and ghrelin than did the traditional diet. The expected increase in postprandial energy expenditure (∆REE) tended to be dampened after the modern compared with the traditional diet. GIP was inversely correlated with ∆REE after lunch, and ghrelin was positively associated with ∆REE.ConclusionBoth GIP and ghrelin are robust indicators of postprandial energy expenditure. The nutritional changes accompanying the modernization of Japanese dietary patterns may increase the levels of the anabolic intestinal hormone GIP, which is associated with ∆REE, in the Japanese population. The contribution of an increased ghrelin concentration to the decreased ∆REE after the modern diet warrants further investigation.
Highlights
Obesity increases the risk of several health conditions, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes [1], and significantly increases healthcare costs
Many epidemiologic studies have shown that the consumption of these food items or the adherence to a traditional Japanese dietary pattern in itself is inversely associated with lifestyle-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, high serum lipid levels, and diabetes [4,5,6,7]
We showed that the modern Japanese meals tended to induce less postprandial energy expenditure than did the traditional meals, especially after lunch, and were associated with increased postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) release
Summary
Obesity increases the risk of several health conditions, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes [1], and significantly increases healthcare costs. Eur J Nutr (2017) 56:1693–1705 are closely related to lifestyle habits involving dietary patterns, physical activity, rest, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Traditional Japanese dietary patterns are characterized by the high consumption of soybean products, fish, root crops, seaweeds, mushrooms, vegetables, fruits, and green tea [3]. Many epidemiologic studies have shown that the consumption of these food items or the adherence to a traditional Japanese dietary pattern in itself is inversely associated with lifestyle-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, high serum lipid levels, and diabetes [4,5,6,7]. The traditional Japanese diet has drawn considerable attention since the 1960s because of its association with an extremely low rate of coronary heart disease [8]
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