Increased phase synchronization and decreased cerebral autoregulation during fainting in the young

Abstract

Vasovagal syncope may be due to a transient cerebral hypoperfusion that accompanies frequency entrainment between arterial pressure (AP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV). We hypothesized that cerebral autoregulation fails during fainting; a phase synchronization index (PhSI) between AP and CBFV was used as a nonlinear, nonstationary, time-dependent measurement of cerebral autoregulation. Twelve healthy control subjects and twelve subjects with a history of vasovagal syncope underwent 10-min tilt table testing with the continuous measurement of AP, CBFV, heart rate (HR), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and respiratory frequency. Time intervals were defined to compare physiologically equivalent periods in fainters and control subjects. A PhSI value of 0 corresponds to an absence of phase synchronization and efficient cerebral autoregulation, whereas a PhSI value of 1 corresponds to complete phase synchronization and inefficient cerebral autoregulation. During supine baseline conditions, both control and syncope groups demonstrated similar oscillatory changes in phase, with mean PhSI values of 0.58+/-0.04 and 0.54+/-0.02, respectively. Throughout tilt, control subjects demonstrated similar PhSI values compared with supine conditions. Approximately 2 min before fainting, syncopal subjects demonstrated a sharp decrease in PhSI (0.23+/-0.06), representing efficient cerebral autoregulation. Immediately after this period, PhSI increased sharply, suggesting inefficient cerebral autoregulation, and remained elevated at the time of faint (0.92+/-0.02) and during the early recovery period (0.79+/-0.04) immediately after the return to the supine position. Our data demonstrate rapid, biphasic changes in cerebral autoregulation, which are temporally related to vasovagal syncope. Thus, a sudden period of highly efficient cerebral autoregulation precedes the virtual loss of autoregulation, which continued during and after the faint.