Increased nonoxidative glucose metabolism in idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia

Abstract

Idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia (IRH) is responsible for postprandial hypoglycemia. Normal insulin secretion and reduced response of glucagon to acute hypoglycemia, but mostly increased insulin sensitivity, represent the metabolic features of this syndrome. The present study has two aims: first, to investigate the fate of glucose utilization inside the cells to assess whether increased glucose disposal in IRH is due to the oxidative and/or nonoxidative pathway; and second, to evaluate glucagon response to prolonged insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In eight patients with IRH and eight normal (N) subjects, we performed two studies on different days: (1) 120-minute euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (1.0 mU · kg −1 · min −1 regular human insulin) clamp associated with indirect calorimetry; and (2) 180-minute hypoglycemic (2.22 to 2.49 mmo/L achieved through 0.85 mU · kg −1 · min −1 intravenous [IV] regular human insulin) clamp. The results showed an increased insulin-mediated glucose uptake in IRH (9.10 ± 0.19 v 6.78 ± 0.18 mg · kg −1 · min −1, P < .005). Glucose oxidation was similar in IRH subjects and controls both in basal conditions (1.39 ± 0.16 v 1.42 ± 0.15 mg · kg −1 · min −1) and during the clamp studies (2.57 ± 0.21 v 2.78 ± 0.26 mg · kg −1 · min −1). In contrast, nonoxidative glucose disposal was significantly higher in IRH than in N subjects (6.53 ± 0.30 v 4.00 ± 0.21 mg · kg −1 · min −1, P < .001). During insulinization, fat oxidation was reduced slightly more in IRH than in control subjects. During the hypoglycemic clamp, a significant ( P < .01) increase in plasma glucagon concentrations was observed in normal subjects as compared with baseline, whereas no change occurred in IRH patients. In conclusion, in IRH: (1) increased insulin-mediated glucose disposal is due to the increase of nonoxidative glucose metabolism; and (2) glucagon secretion has been confirmed to be inadequate. The increase of insulin sensitivity associated with a deficiency in glucagon secretion can widely explain the occurrence of hypoglycemia in the late postprandial phase.