Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play essential roles in facilitating lipid digestion and absorption in the intestine. Gastric BAs were attributed to abnormal refluxing from duodenal compartments and correlated with the occurrence of gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, the differences in gastric BAs between physiologically compromised and healthy individuals have not been fully investigated. In this study, gastric juice was collected from patients clinically diagnosed as gastritis with/without bile reflux and healthy subjects for BA profiles measurements. As a result, we found that the conjugated BAs became prominent components in bile reflux juice, whereas almost equal amounts of conjugated and unconjugated BAs existed in non-bile reflux and healthy juice. To investigate whether gastric BA changes were regulated by hepatic BA synthesis, C57BL/6J mice were intervened with GW4064/resin to decrease/increase hepatic BA synthesis. The results revealed that changes of gastric BAs were coordinated with hepatic BA changes. Additionally, gastric BAs were detected in several healthy mammals, in which there were no obvious differences between the conjugated and unconjugated BAs. Pigs were an exception. Thus, increased levels of conjugated BAs are associated with human bile reflux gastritis. Gastric conjugated BAs could become a panel of biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis of pathological bile reflux.
Highlights
Bile acids (BAs) play essential roles in facilitating lipid digestion and absorption in the intestine
In order to explore the BA characteristics of human gastric juice, we measured the BA profiles of gastric juice from patients diagnosed with gastritis with bile reflux, patients diagnosed with gastritis without bile reflux and control individuals without gastritis
The levels of unconjugated BAs were quite similar among all three groups (Fig. 1A–C), suggesting that bile refluxing brings mainly conjugated BAs, such as GCA, GCDCA,TCA, TCDCA, into the stomach under pathological conditions, whereas almost equal amounts of conjugated and unconjugated BAs were distributed in gastric juice when obviously pathological bile reflux was absent
Summary
Bile acids (BAs) play essential roles in facilitating lipid digestion and absorption in the intestine. Gastric juice was collected from patients clinically diagnosed as gastritis with/without bile reflux and healthy subjects for BA profiles measurements. We found that the conjugated BAs became prominent components in bile reflux juice, whereas almost equal amounts of conjugated and unconjugated BAs existed in non-bile reflux and healthy juice. Cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxyocholic acid (CDCA) in human and α/β-muricholic acid (α/βMCA) in rodents are synthesized in hepatocytes from cholesterol These primary BAs are conjugated with glycine or taurine to form the primary conjugated BAs that predominantly consist of glyco-CA (GCA), glyco-CDCA (GCDCA) in humans and tauro-CA (TCA), tauro-CDCA (TCDCA), tauro-α/ βMCA (Tα/βMCA) in rodents. In order to explore characteristics of gastric BA, we collected human gastric juice from patients clinically diagnosed as having gastritis with bile reflux, as well as juice from gastritis without bile reflux and healthy subjects. We collected gastric content and gastric tissues from several healthy mammalian species to explore the characters of gastric BAs in the normal physiological state of normal mammals
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