Abstract
Graviola leaves contain much vitamin U (vit U), but their sensory quality is not good enough for them to be developed as food ingredients. Addition of excipient natural ingredients formulated alongside vit U as active ingredients could enhance not only its sensory quality but also its bioavailability. The objectives of this study were to measure the bioaccessibility and intestinal cellular uptake of bioactive components, including rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and vit U, from steamed extract of graviola leaves (SGV) and SGV enriched with kale extract (SGK), and to examine how much they can detoxify nicotine in HepG2 cells. The bioaccessibility of vit U from SGV and SGK was 82.40% and 68.03%, respectively. The cellular uptake of vit U in SGK by Caco-2 cells was higher than that in SGV. Cotinine content converted from nicotine in HepG2 cells for 120 min was 0.22 and 0.25 μg/mg protein in 50 μg/mL of SGV and SGK, respectively, which were 2.86 and 3.57 times higher than the no-treatment control. SGK treatment of HepG2 cells upregulated CYP2A6 three times as much as did that of SGV. Our results suggest that graviola leaf extract enriched with excipient ingredients such as kale could improve vit U absorption and provide a natural therapy for detoxifying nicotine.
Highlights
Graviola, known as Annona muricata, is a traditional plant throughout tropical countries includingCentral and South America and West Africa [1]
We evaluated the ability of steamed extract of graviola leaves (SGV) and the extract of steamed graviola leaves supplemented with vitamin U (vit U) from kale (SGK) as excipient ingredients to detoxify nicotine and assessed vit
Our goals were: (1) to assess bioaccessibility of targeted bioactive components from SGV and SGV enriched with kale extract (SGK) in Caco-2 epithelial cells, (2) to compare the degree of cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation prevented by SGV or SGK, and (3) to examine the cellular conversion rate of nicotine to cotinine by SGV or SGK
Summary
Known as Annona muricata, is a traditional plant throughout tropical countries includingCentral and South America and West Africa [1]. It is well known to have beneficial effects against cancer, diabetes, hepatic dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and inflammation [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Graviola leaves contain various phytochemicals, including acetogenins, flavonols, and megastigmanes [7]. We found that steamed extract of graviola leaves (SGV) contain rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and sulfur-methylmethionine, which provide beneficial effects, such as scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant genes [8]. As a natural sulfur-containing amino acid, sulfur-methylmethionine is called vitamin U (vit U). Because it is a vitamin-like substance [9,10,11] It originates from the Brassica species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) and belongs to a group of physiologically active natural compounds [12,13]. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) is known to be an antioxidant source against
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