Abstract

Incarcerated populations are at high-risk to develop tuberculosis (TB), however their impact on the population-level tuberculosis epidemic has been scarcely studied. We aimed to describe the burden and trends of TB among incarcerated populations over time in Paraguay, its clinical and epidemiological differences and the population attributable fraction. This is an observational, descriptive study including all TB cases notified to the National TB control Program in Paraguay during the period 2009–2018. We also used case registries of prisoners diagnosed with tuberculosis from the Minister of Justice. The population attributable fraction of TB in the community due to incarcerated cases was estimated through Levin’s formula. The characteristics of TB cases in and outside of prison were compared as well as the characteristics of TB in prisons were modified over time. During 2009–2018, 2764 (9.7%) of the 28,534 TB reported cases in Paraguay occurred in prisons. The number of prisoners in Paraguay increased from 6258 in 2009 to 14,627 in 2018 (incarceration rate, 101 to 207 per 100,000 persons) while the number of TB cases among prisoners increased by 250% (n = 192 in 2009 versus n = 480 in 2018). The annual TB notification rate among male prisoners was 3218 and 3459 per 100,000 inmates in 2009 and 2018, respectively. The percentage of all TB cases occurring among prisoners increased from 7.1% in 2009 to 14.5% in 2018. The relative risk of TB in prisons compared to community was 70.3 (95% CI, 67.7–73.1); the overall population attributable risk was 9.5%. Among the 16 penitentiary centers in the country, two of them—Tacumbú (39.0%) and Ciudad del Este (23.3%)—represent two thirds of all TB cases in prisons. TB among inmates is predominantly concentrated in those 20–34 years old (77.3% of all), twice the percentage of cases for the same age group outside of prison. Our findings show that the TB epidemic in prisons represents one of the most important challenges for TB control in Paraguay, especially in the country’s largest cities. Appropriate TB control measures among incarcerated populations are needed and may have substantial impact on the overall TB burden in the country.

Highlights

  • Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, various national and international legal transformations in the penal system led to increases in mass incarceration in the Latin America

  • During the period from 2009 to 2018, 28,534 TB cases were reported to the NTP of Paraguay, and 2764 (9.7%) of these cases occurred in prisons

  • National TB incidence rates in Paraguay remained unchanged over the past decade, the number of TB cases in prisons doubled during this period

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Summary

Introduction

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, various national and international legal transformations in the penal system led to increases in mass incarceration in the Latin America. The Paraguayan TB Control Program (NTP) has reported high rates of tuberculosis among ­inmates[16] This information has been critical to foster control efforts of the penitentiary TB epidemic since 2014, with coordinated strategies between the Ministry of Health, Penitentiary System and Ministry of Justice. These strategies included the creation of isolation rooms for new cases, increased implementation of systematic screening for TB symptoms, and prioritization of molecular TB diagnostics, such as Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert hereinafter) in prisons, implemented before the broader roll-out in the rest of the country

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