Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) development is strongly associated with ageing, possibly due to age-related changes in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in cartilage. Recently, we showed that TGF-β suppresses interleukin (IL)-6 receptor (IL-6R) expression in chondrocytes. As IL-6 is involved in cartilage degeneration, we hypothesized that age-related loss of TGF-β signaling results in increased IL-6R expression and signaling in ageing cartilage. Bovine articular cartilage was collected and immediately processed to study age-related changes in IL-6R expression using qPCR and IHC (age-range: 0.5-14 years). Moreover, cartilage from young and aged cows was stimulated with rhIL-6 and/or rhTGF-β1 to measure IL-6-induced p-STAT3 using Western blot. Expression of STAT3-responsive genes was analyzed using qPCR. Expression of IL-6 receptor (bIL-6R) significantly increased in cartilage upon ageing (slope: 0.32, 95%CI: 0.20-0.45), while expression of glycoprotein 130 (bGP130) was unaffected. Cartilage stimulation with IL-6 showed increased induction of p-STAT3 upon ageing (slope: 0.14, 95%CI: 0.08-0.20). Furthermore, IL-6-mediated induction of STAT3-responsive genes like bSOCS3 and bMMP3 was increased in aged compared to young cartilage. Interestingly, the ability of TGF-β to suppress bIL6R expression in young cartilage was lost upon ageing (slope: 0.21, 95%CI: 0.13-0.30). Concurrently, an age-related loss in TGF-β-mediated suppression of IL-6-induced p-STAT3 and bSOCS3 expression was observed. Ageing results in enhanced IL-6R expression and subsequent IL-6-induced p-STAT3 signaling in articular cartilage. This is likely caused by age-related loss of protective TGF-β signaling, resulting in loss of TGF-β-mediated IL-6R suppression. Because of the detrimental role of IL-6 in cartilage, this mechanism may be involved in age-related OA development.
Highlights
Osteoarthritis (OA) development is strongly associated with ageing, but this relationship is incompletely understood
We investigated if transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)-mediated suppression of IL-6 receptor a subunit (IL-6R) is lost in aged cartilage, and whether this subsequently results in increased IL-6 signaling
It was demonstrated that bovine cartilage ranging 9 months - 10 years old shows well-known characteristics of normal ageing, such as thinning of the cartilage surface, reduced chondrocyte numbers, and decreased expression of matrix components such as collagen type 2 and aggrecan[6,24]
Summary
Osteoarthritis (OA) development is strongly associated with ageing, but this relationship is incompletely understood. Ageing is associated with a decreased ability of chondrocytes to produce matrix proteins, while their production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators is increased[2]. This can partly be explained by an age-related reduction in chondrocyte responsiveness to crucial anabolic growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). R. Wiegertjes et al / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 29 (2021) 773e782 implications for anabolic properties of chondrocytes, but possibly for protection against pro-inflammatory stimuli. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the pathophysiology of several age-related diseases such as osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease[8,9].
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