Abstract
Keloids represent a prolonged inflammatory fibrotic state with areas that display distinctive histological features characterized by an abundant extracellular matrix stroma, a local infiltration of inflammatory cells, and a milieu of enriched cytokines. Previous studies demonstrated that hypoxia regulates extracellular matrix remodeling via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Stabilization of HIF-1α upregulates the expression of downstream genes such as carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
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