Abstract
Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem worldwide. Although thyroid cancer accounts for a small percentage of thyroid nodules, the majority are benign. 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels are a marker of oxidative stress and play a key role in the initiation and development of a range of diseases and cancer types. This study evaluates cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) assay parameters and plasma 8-OHdG levels and their association with thyroid nodule size and thyroid hormones in patients with multinodular goiter. The study included 32 patients with multinodular goiter and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. CBMN-cyt assay parameters in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with multinodular goiter and controls were evaluated, and plasma 8-OHdG levels were measured. The micronucleus (MN) frequency (chromosomal DNA damage), apoptotic and necrotic cells (cytotoxicity), and plasma 8-OHdG levels (oxidative DNA damage) were significantly higher among patients with multinodular goiter. Our study is the first report of increased chromosomal and oxidative DNA damage in patients with multinodular goiter, which may predict an increased risk of thyroid cancer in these patients. MN frequency and plasma 8-OHdG levels may be markers of the carcinogenic potential of multinodular goiters and could be used for early detection of different cancer types, including thyroid cancer.
Highlights
Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem affecting numerous individuals worldwide
According to the CBMN-cyt assay parameters, patients with multinodular goiter had a higher level of MN frequency, apoptotic and necrotic cells, and plasma 8-OHdG levels than controls (p < 0 01, p < 0 01, p < 0 01, and p < 0 05, resp.) (Table 2)
No statistically significant differences were detected in NPB and nuclear buds (NBUDs) frequencies and frequency of BN cells and nuclear division index (NDI) values between the patients with multinodular goiter and control subjects (p > 0 05, Table 2)
Summary
Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem affecting numerous individuals worldwide. The prevalence of palpable thyroid nodules is approximately 5% among women and 1% among men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world [1,2,3]. High-resolution ultrasound can detect thyroid nodules in 19%–68% of randomly selected individuals, with higher frequencies in women and the elderly [4, 5]. It is well established that malignancies are characterized by variable amounts of chromosomal damage and spontaneous formation of micronucleus (MN). The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) assay has been used as a comprehensive method to cytologically evaluate chromosomal instability or damage status, on the basis of the presence of MN, as a biomarker of chromosome breakage or loss; of nucleoplasmic bridges
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