Increased cerebral activity during microsleeps reflects an unconscious drive to re-establish consciousness

Abstract

BackgroundMicrosleeps are brief instances of sleep, causing complete lapses in responsiveness and partial or total extended closure of both eyes. Microsleeps can have devastating consequences, particularly in the transportation sector. Study objectivesQuestions remain regarding the neural signature and underlying mechanisms of microsleeps. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the physiological substrates of microsleeps, which might lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon. MethodsData from an earlier study, involving 20 healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects, were analysed. Each session lasted 50 min and required subjects to perform a 2-D continuous visuomotor tracking task. Simultaneous data collection included tracking performance, eye-video, EEG, and fMRI. A human expert visually inspected each participant's tracking performance and eye-video recordings to identify microsleeps. Our interest was in microsleeps of ≥4-s duration, leaving us with a total of 226 events from 10 subjects. The microsleep events were divided into four 2-s segments (pre, start, end, and post) (with a gap in the middle, between start and end segments, for microsleeps >4 s), then each segment was analysed relative to its prior segment by examining changes in source-reconstructed EEG power in the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. ResultsEEG power increased in the theta and alpha bands between the pre and start of microsleeps. There was also increased power in the delta, beta, and gamma bands between the start and end of microsleeps. Conversely, there was a reduction in power between the end and post of microsleeps in the delta and alpha bands. These findings support previous findings in the delta, theta, and alpha bands. However, increased power in the beta and gamma bands has not been previously reported. ConclusionsWe contend that increased high-frequency activity during microsleeps reflects unconscious ‘cognitive’ activity aimed at re-establishing consciousness following falling asleep during an active task.