Abstract
Ion implantation, a common technology in semiconductor processing, has been applied to biomaterials since the 1960s. Using energetic ion bombardment, a general term which includes conventional ion implantation plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and ion beam assisted thin film deposition, functionalization of surfaces is possible. By varying and adjusting the process parameters, several surface properties can be attuned simultaneously. Extensive research details improvements in the biocompatibility, mainly by reducing corrosion rates and increasing wear resistance after surface modification. Recently, enhanced bioactivity strongly correlated with the surface topography and less with the surface chemistry has been reported, with an increased roughness on the nanometer scale induced by self-organisation processes during ion bombardment leading to faster cellular adhesion processes.
Highlights
The similarity of patterns formed by lifeforms and the inorganic world, either subtle or complex, was first recognized by the Scottish zoologist D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson in 1917 [1]
Enhanced bioactivity strongly correlated with the surface topography and less with the surface chemistry has been reported, with an increased roughness on the nanometer scale induced by self-organisation processes during ion bombardment leading to faster cellular adhesion processes
By inserting the target directly into the plasma source, an implantation into arbitrarily shaped objects is possible. This process, called plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), was developed independently in the US and Australia about 20 years ago [57,58,59], is nowadays a versatile method for surface modification, where negative high voltage pulses are applied to a substrate which is immersed in a plasma
Summary
The similarity of patterns formed by lifeforms and the inorganic world, either subtle or complex, was first recognized by the Scottish zoologist D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson in 1917 [1]. Tremendous advances in biochemistry and materials science, including surface science occurred, allowing a description of processes and mechanisms on an atomic scale, inside living organisms as well as inside materials, and an understanding of the interaction between artificial implants and the host tissue [13,14]. An integrated approach by physicists, materials scientists, biologists and physicians throughout the 1980s led to the development of about 50 implantable devices using more than 40 different materials, including shape-memory alloys [15,16] This first generation of biomaterials was characterized by suitable physical properties showing a minimal toxic response. Using surface treatments with energetic ions, firmly established in research and production environments, is one possibility to modify the interaction between biological tissue and biomaterial.
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