Increased attention for negative life events is associated with an elevated risk for premenstrual symptoms

Abstract

Background The majority of healthy women experience some degree of fluctuation of mood and physical phenomena parallelling their reproductive cycle. While in most women this doesnt significantly interfers with everyday functioning in a smaller portion of women it causes distress severe enough to seek medical help. Earlier it has been found that premenstrual syndromes show an association with perceived stress. However, we hypothesise that even in healthy women, the experience of more severe symptoms in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is related to the perception of life events. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between severity of late luteal phase symptoms and perception of positive and negative life events in a sample of healthy women. Materials and methods 88 healthy women not meeting criteria for any DSM-IV premenstrual phase-associated disorders completed the PRISM calendar for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Subjects also completed the Objective and Subjective Event Checklist during the follicular phase of the first cycle. Association between PRISM score change from the follicular through the late luteal phase and life event variables were investigated using Generalized Linear Model Analysis (GENMOD). Results The PRISM score change showed as ignificant positive association with the ratio of positive subjective life events and a significant positive association with the ratio of negative subjective life events. We found no significant association in case of the objective life events. Conclusions The results of our study indicate that women manifesting a more marked increase of symptoms during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle are more likely to notice negative subjective life events and less likely to notice positive subjective life events. However, there was no difference in the number of positive and negative objective life events observed. This suggest a constant, trait-like negative bias in the perception of life events present throughout the whole reproductive cycle which may play an important role in the emergence of premenstrual symptoms.