Abstract
This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes—activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification—and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration—duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality—with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
Highlights
In a context of increasing immigration into Europe, the issue of the integration of migrants and their children lies at the heart of current social, economic and academic debates
Second generation minority members are younger on average than the majority population though this pattern differs by origin
It’s interesting to analyse the situation in the labour market of groups from more recent waves of migration, less known, because they were too young in previous surveys and they are numerous in the labour market
Summary
In a context of increasing immigration into Europe, the issue of the integration of migrants and their children lies at the heart of current social, economic and academic debates. This article analyses the labour market outcomes of immigrants and second-generation minorities in France by comparing these groups to the majority population. A number of previous studies in France have shown disadvantages in access to employment, pronounced for those with North-African and Sub-Saharan Africa origins (e.g., Brinbaum & Guégnard, 2013; Brinbaum & Werquin, 1997, 2004; Frickey & Primon, 2006; Meurs, Pailhé, & Simon, 2005, 2006; Silberman, Alba, & Fournier, 2007; Silberman & Fournier, 1999; etc.) These disadvantages appear to be reduced and disappear for the second generations when wages are considered (Aeberhardt, Fougère, Pouget, & Rathelot, 2010; Boumahdi & Giret, 2005; Dupray & Moullet, 2004), but exist, in a lesser extent, as to early career job quality (Brinbaum & Issehnane, 2015). We test the impact of the possession of tertiary degrees among second-generation minority members
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