Abstract
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a well-known restorative material applied in dentistry. The present work aims to study the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) addition into GIC based on physical, mechanical and structural properties. The utilization of waste materials namely clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass as replacements for the respective CaO and SiO2 sources in the fabrication of alumino-silicate-fluoride (ASF) glass ceramics powder. GIC was formulated based on ASF glass ceramics, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and deionized water, while 1 wt.% of HA powder was added to enhance the properties of the cement samples. The cement samples were subjected to four different ageing times before being analyzed. In this study, the addition of HA caused an increment in density and compressive strength results along with ageing time. Besides, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) phase in HA-added GIC samples and it was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis which detected OH‒F vibration mode. In addition, needle-like and agglomeration of spherical shapes owned by apatite crystals were observed from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Based on Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the detection of chemical elements in the cement samples were originated from chemical compounds used in the preparation of glass ceramics powder and also the polyacid utilized in initiating the reaction of GIC.
Highlights
A form of dental restoration and luting material, called glass ionomer cement (GIC), is widely used in dental application
clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass had been exploited to fabricate ASF glass ceramics which subsequently used in the formulation of GIC
The physical, mechanical and structural properties of GIC formulated based on ASF glass ceramics as base silicate powder was enhanced by the addition of HA powder, which revealed the enhancement in density and compressive strength test along with the formation of FHA crystal phase from structural studies
Summary
A form of dental restoration and luting material, called glass ionomer cement (GIC), is widely used in dental application. In the early of 700 s, Alan Wilson and Brian Kent introduced GIC as water-based cement derived from silicate-based glass and polycarboxylate salt [1]. This water-based substance forms essentially when there is a reaction between aqueous polyacrylic acid solution and fluoro-aluminosilicate glass powder [1,2,3]. There is some limitation that limits GIC from extensive use in dentistry as filling and restorative material
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