Incorporating Parking Lot and Demand Response in Energy Procurement of a Commercial Complex as a Smart Large Consumer

Abstract

Kourosh commercial complex like other large commercial and industrial loads known as large energy consumers. This large energy consumers always seeking to reduce their energy costs. In near future in our country like most of the developed countries large consumers will utilize renewable and non-renewable energy sources in providing their required energy. In addition, commercial malls always have accessibility to large parking lots which in near future will full of electric vehicles. Use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PREVs) parking lot requires proper technical and economic planning for the owners of the large consumers. This study provides a model for energy management of a smart large consumer (SLC) like Kourosh commercial complex, concluding PREVs parking lot, RESs (photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT)) and nonrenewable sources (fuel cell (FC), micro-turbine (MT)). In this study, an optimal exploitation for the PREVs parking is proposed, which has the potential of being utilized as an energy generation source with the goal of reducing operational costs of SLC. In addition, this study considers the demand response (DR) program as an energy source and reducing the costs. The purpose of objective function is decreasing the operation cost of SLC to the minimum amount while considering physical and technical constraints of the sources. The proposed model is considered both DR programs and PREVs parking lot, and the results of the simulation illustrated the positive impact of the demand response program (DRP) and parking lot in reducing operation costs.