Abstract
Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Method: In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35–74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test battery. By linear regression and generalize linear regression with logarithmic link and gamma distribution we investigated the relation of coffee consumption (never/almost never, ≤1 cup/day, 2–3 cups/day, ≥3 cups/day) in the last 12 months to performance on specific domains of cognition for adults and elderly separately. Results: Among elderly, after adjustments, coffee consumption was associated only with an increase in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition tests when comparing the 2–3 cups/day to never/almost never category (arithmetic mean ratio (AMR): 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.07), and to an increase in the mean words pronounced in semantic verbal fluency test when comparing the ≥3 cups/day to never/almost never category (difference of the mean: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.29). However, coffee consumption was not associated with any cognitive function tests in adults and also was not associated with the phonemic verbal fluency test and trail-making test B in elderly. Conclusions: Results suggest that coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship. Longitudinal analyses are needed to investigate possible, even if subtle, positive effects of coffee drinking on specific cognitive domains in elderly.
Highlights
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age
In the univariable analysis (Model 1), only drinking ď1 cups/day of coffee in the last 12 months was related to a reduction in the mean number of words pronounced in the semantic verbal fluency test and a 3% increase in the mean time taken to perform the trail-making test B (AMR: 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.06) when comparing to never/almost never category
After adjustments for age, sex, and educational attainment (Model 2), drinking 2–3 cups/day of coffee was associated with a 1% increase in the mean number of words remembered on the learning, recall, and word recognition tests when compared to the never/almost never category (AMR: 1.01; 95% confidence intervals (95%CI): 1.01 to 1.01)
Summary
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Coffee is a very popular beverage consumed worldwide and Brazil ranks first among coffee producer countries and second among the coffee consumer countries [3] It is a rich source of caffeine, which acts as a psychoactive stimulant and has been shown to improve heightened alertness, vigilance, attention, mood as well as complex, higher cognitive functions [4,5,6,7]. The present study aims to the association of coffee consumption in the last 12 months with specific domains of cognitive function among Brazilian adults and elderly
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