Abstract
Many studies have shown abnormal functional connectivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). However, few studies illustrated that to what extent these findings were consistent across different datasets. The present study aimed to assess the consistency of abnormal functional connectivity in children with ADHD across the four datasets from a public-assess rs-fMRI ADHD cohort, namely, ADHD-200. We employed the identical analysis process of previous studies and examined a few factors, including connectivity with the seed regions of the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral middle frontal gyrus; connectivity between default mode network and executive control network; stringent and lenient statistical thresholds; and the ADHD subtypes. Our results revealed a high inconsistency of abnormal seed-based connectivity in children with ADHD across all datasets, even across three datasets from the same research site. This inconsistency could also be observed with a lenient statistical threshold. Besides, each dataset did not show abnormal connectivity between default mode network and executive control network for ADHD, albeit this abnormal connectivity between networks was intensively reported in previous studies. Importantly, the ADHD combined subtype showed greater consistency than did the inattention subtype. These findings provided methodological insights into the studies on spontaneous brain activity of ADHD, and the ADHD subtypes deserve more attention in future studies.
Highlights
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children [1]
The analytic process of the three metrics is similar across studies, helping to identify critical regions related to ADHD across fMRI studies [7, 8]
The current study examined the consistency of abnormal functional connectivity across datasets of ADHD-200
Summary
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children [1]. Rs-fMRI, measuring spontaneous brain activity, is easy to be implemented It provides a consistent approach for clinical investigations; and two major measurements, that is, voxel-wise metrics and functional connectivity, were pervasively used in the rs-fMRI investigations on ADHD. The analytic process of the three metrics is similar across studies, helping to identify critical regions related to ADHD across fMRI studies [7, 8]. None of the three metrics showed consistent results across the multiple datasets, even with a lenient threshold (p < 0.05, cluster size > 10 voxels) [12]
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