Inclusive Growth in CEE Countries as a Determinant of Sustainable Development

Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska,Ewa Cichowicz

doi:10.3390/su10113973

Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska, Ewa Cichowicz

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113973

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Abstract

Pursuant to the concept of inclusive growth, the authors analyze the transition economies of Central and Eastern European countries, which have become EU members (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia). CEE countries characterized by comparable historic and economic backgrounds now seem to reach diversified stages of development. The objective of the study is to identify the level of inclusive growth among CEE countries by taking into account indicators assigned to its seven pillars. The article’s thesis is that CEE countries represent social and economic heterogeneity as well as varied levels of sustainable development. Research methods included the application of the principal components analysis and the multivariate analysis. For a literature review, the bibliometric analysis was conducted with the visualization prepared by the VOSviewer software. The main findings suggest that Estonia, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic seem to exhibit the highest level of inclusive growth while Bulgaria and Romania represent the lowest level of indicators measured.

Highlights

Globalization, digitalization, and demographic changes are transforming present economies and societies [1,2]
The conditions in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in terms of inclusive growth and its connection with development was compared with the use of two multivariate techniques: factor analysis and principal sustainable development was compared with the use of two multivariate techniques: factor analysis components analysis
The period was associated with the accession of 10 new members to the EU

Summary

Introduction

Globalization, digitalization, and demographic changes are transforming present economies and societies [1,2]. While new opportunities are provided, at the same time, they cause evolution of new, unpredictable forms of risk and an increase in social inequalities in a broader sense. The economic growth resulting from new processes and phenomena may cause damage to the environment [3,4]. The dynamically changing living conditions caused by the reasons indicated above imply the need to take steps that lead to sustainable development [5,6]. The organizing principle of sustainability is a type of development that is defined through at least three main interconnected and important domains (pillars): economic growth, social well-being, and care for the environment [8]. All United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

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