Inclusion of a blend of copaiba, cashew nut shell and castor oil in the protein-energy supplement for grazing beef cattle improves rumen fermentation, nutrient intake and fibre digestibility

Abstract

Context Essential oils are secondary plant compounds extracted from plants, with potential for the modulation of rumen fermentation. Aims Two experiments, namely one in vivo and another in vitro, were conducted to analyse the effects of a commercial blend of essential oils (EO; copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii), cashew nut shell (Anacardium occidentale) and castor oil (Ricinus communis) and monensin as dietary feed additives in protein–energy supplements (PES) provided to grazing beef cattle, on ruminal fermentation, intake, total nutrient digestibility and protein dietary efficiency. Methods In the in vivo experiment, four entire Nellore bulls cannulated in the rumen (374 ± 15.66 kg; mean ± s.d.) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design to evaluate the effects of EO concentration and monensin on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of grazing beef cattle provided with supplementation during the rainy season. Treatments were as follows: control (CON; PES without additives); monensin (MON; PES with inclusion of monensin at 20 mg/kg DM consumed); EO150 (PES with inclusion of EO at 150 mg/kg DM consumed); EO300 (PES with inclusion of EO at 300 mg/kg DM consumed). In the in vitro experiment, the effects EO150, EO300 and EO450, MON and CON on DM and neutral detergent-fibre (NDF) digestibility, and total gas production, were evaluated in four consecutive runs using a gas-production (GP) system. Key results In the in vivo experiment, DM intake, forage DM intake, crude protein intake and NDF intake were similar (P > 0.05) between EO150 and MON, but both were greater than those in EO300 and CON (P < 0.05). A lower EO concentration (EO150) increased (P < 0.05) NDF digestibility and improved nitrogen utilisation efficiency. In the in vitro experiment, the addition of MON and EO150 did not modify (P > 0.05) GP, DM and NDF digestibility compared with the control, but EO300 and EO450 decreased GP at 12 and 24 h and decreased DM and NDF digestibility at 48 h compared with the control, MON and EO150. Conclusions In vivo and in vitro results suggested that EO (copaiba oil, cashew nut shell and castor) at low doses (150 mg/kg DM) has the potential to improve ruminal fermentation in grazing beef cattle receiving supplements, but medium and high doses of EO can have adverse effects. Implications EO blends could be an alternative to MON for grazing beef cattle with access to supplements.